Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781259631757
Author: Martin Silberberg Dr., Patricia Amateis Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 9, Problem 9.66P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The members of the following set are to be ranked in the increasing order of ionic character. Also, the bond polarity with a polar arrow is to be indicated.

HBr,HCl,HI

Concept introduction:

Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract the shared electrons in the bond towards itself. The more electronegative atom will more attract the bonding electrons towards itself than the less electronegative atom. Therefore the electrons will spend more time with the more electronegative atom than an electropositive atom. The electronegative atom will acquire the partial negative charge and the electropositive atom will acquire a partial positive charge. The polarity is represented by an arrow towards the more electronegative element.

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, Chapter 9, Problem 9.66P , additional homework tip  1

Here, B is the electronegative atom and A is the electropositive atom.

Bond polarity and ionic character can be estimated by ΔEN. ΔEN is the electronegativity difference between the atoms bonded to each other. The formula to calculate ΔEN in AB bond is as follows:

ΔEN=(electronegativity of B)(electronegativity of A)

Here, B is the electronegative atom and A is the electropositive atom.

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 9.66P

The increasing order of bond polarity and ionic character is as follows:

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, Chapter 9, Problem 9.66P , additional homework tip  2

Explanation of Solution

The formula to calculate ΔEN in HBr bond is as follows:

(ΔEN)HBr=(electronegativity of Br)(electronegativity of H) (1)

Substitute 2.8 for electronegativity of Br and 2.1 for electronegativity of H in the equation (1).

(ΔEN)HBr=(2.8)(2.1)=0.7

The formula to calculate ΔEN in HCl bond is as follows:

(ΔEN)HCl=(electronegativity of Cl)(electronegativity of H) (2)

Substitute 3.0 for electronegativity of Cl and 2.1 for electronegativity of H in the equation (2).

(ΔEN)HCl=(3.0)(2.1)=0.9

The formula to calculate ΔEN in HI bond is as follows:

(ΔEN)HI=(electronegativity of I)(electronegativity of H) (3)

Substitute 2.5 for electronegativity of I and 2.1 for electronegativity of H in the equation (3).

(ΔEN)HI=(2.5)(2.1)=0.4

Bond polarity and ionic character are directly related to the electronegativity difference. The increasing order of bond polarity and ionic character is as follows:

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, Chapter 9, Problem 9.66P , additional homework tip  3

Conclusion

ΔEN is the electronegativity difference between the atoms bonded to each other. Bond polarity and ionic character are directly related to the electronegativity difference.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The members of the following set are to be ranked in the increasing order of ionic character. Also, the bond polarity with a polar arrow is to be indicated.

H2O,CH4,HF

Concept introduction:

Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract the shared electrons in the bond towards itself. The more electronegative atom will more attract the bonding electrons towards itself than the less electronegative atom. Therefore the electrons will spend more time with the more electronegative atom than an electropositive atom. The electronegative atom will acquire the partial negative charge and the electropositive atom will acquire a partial positive charge. The polarity is represented by an arrow towards the more electronegative element.

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, Chapter 9, Problem 9.66P , additional homework tip  4

Here, B is the electronegative atom and A is the electropositive atom.

Bond polarity and ionic character can be estimated by ΔEN. ΔEN is the electronegativity difference between the atoms bonded to each other. The formula to calculate ΔEN in AB bond is as follows:

ΔEN=(electronegativity of B)(electronegativity of A)

Here, B is the electronegative atom and A is the electropositive atom.

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 9.66P

The increasing order of bond polarity and ionic character is as follows:

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, Chapter 9, Problem 9.66P , additional homework tip  5

Explanation of Solution

The formula to calculate ΔEN in OH bond of H2O is as follows:

(ΔEN)OH=(electronegativity of O)(electronegativity of H) (4)

Substitute 3.5 for electronegativity of O and 2.1 for electronegativity of H in the equation (4).

(ΔEN)OH=(3.5)(2.1)=1.4

The formula to calculate ΔEN in CH bond of CH4 is as follows:

(ΔEN)CH=(electronegativity of C)(electronegativity of H) (5)

Substitute 2.5 for electronegativity of C and 2.1 for electronegativity of H in the equation (5).

(ΔEN)CH=(2.5)(2.1)=0.4

The formula to calculate ΔEN in HF bond is as follows:

(ΔEN)HF=(electronegativity of F)(electronegativity of H) (6)

Substitute 4.0 for electronegativity of F and 2.1 for electronegativity of H in the equation (6).

(ΔEN)HF=(4.0)(2.1)=1.9

Bond polarity and ionic character are directly related to the electronegativity difference. The increasing order of bond polarity and ionic character is as follows:

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, Chapter 9, Problem 9.66P , additional homework tip  6

Conclusion

ΔEN is the electronegativity difference between the atoms bonded to each other. Bond polarity and ionic character are directly related to the electronegativity difference.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The members of the following set are to be ranked in the increasing order of ionic character. Also, the bond polarity with a polar arrow is to be indicated.

SCl2,PCl3,SiCl4

Concept introduction:

Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract the shared electrons in the bond towards itself. The more electronegative atom will more attract the bonding electrons towards itself than the less electronegative atom. Therefore the electrons will spend more time with the more electronegative atom than an electropositive atom. The electronegative atom will acquire the partial negative charge and the electropositive atom will acquire a partial positive charge. The polarity is represented by an arrow towards the more electronegative element.

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, Chapter 9, Problem 9.66P , additional homework tip  7

Here, B is the electronegative atom and A is the electropositive atom.

Bond polarity and ionic character can be estimated by ΔEN. ΔEN is the electronegativity difference between the atoms bonded to each other. The formula to calculate ΔEN in AB bond is as follows:

ΔEN=(electronegativity of B)(electronegativity of A)

Here, B is the electronegative atom and A is the electropositive atom.

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 9.66P

The increasing order of bond polarity and ionic character is as follows:

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, Chapter 9, Problem 9.66P , additional homework tip  8

Explanation of Solution

The formula to calculate ΔEN in SCl bond of SCl2 is as follows:

(ΔEN)SCl=(electronegativity of Cl)(electronegativity of S) (7)

Substitute 3.0 for electronegativity of Cl and 2.5 for electronegativity of S in the equation (7).

(ΔEN)SCl=(3.0)(2.5)=0.5

The formula to calculate ΔEN in PCl bond of CH4 is as follows:

(ΔEN)PCl=(electronegativity of Cl)(electronegativity of P) (8)

Substitute 3.0 for electronegativity of Cl and 2.1 for electronegativity of P in the equation (8).

(ΔEN)PCl=(3.0)(2.1)=0.9

The formula to calculate ΔEN in SiCl bond is as follows:

(ΔEN)SiCl=(electronegativity of Cl)(electronegativity of Si) (9)

Substitute 3.0 for electronegativity of Cl and 1.8 for electronegativity of Si in the equation (9).

(ΔEN)SiCl=(3.0)(1.8)=1.2

Bond polarity and ionic character are directly related to the electronegativity difference. The increasing order of bond polarity and ionic character is as follows:

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, Chapter 9, Problem 9.66P , additional homework tip  9

Conclusion

ΔEN is the electronegativity difference between the atoms bonded to each other. Bond polarity and ionic character are directly related to the electronegativity difference.

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Chapter 9 Solutions

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change

Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 9.5AFPCh. 9.5 - Prob. 9.5BFPCh. 9 - Prob. 9.1PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.2PCh. 9 - What is the relationship between the tendency of a...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.4PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.5PCh. 9 - State the type of bonding—ionic, covalent, or...Ch. 9 - State the type of bonding—ionic, covalent, or...Ch. 9 - State the type of bonding—ionic, covalent, or...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.9PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.10PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.11PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.12PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.13PCh. 9 - Give the group number and condensed electron...Ch. 9 - Give the group number and condensed electron...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.16PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.17PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.18PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.19PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.20PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.21PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.22PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.23PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.24PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.25PCh. 9 - For each pair, choose the compound with the larger...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.27PCh. 9 - For each pair, choose the compound with the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.29PCh. 9 - Use the following to calculate of NaCl: Compared...Ch. 9 - Use the following to calculate of MgF2: Compared...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.32PCh. 9 - Born-Haber cycles were used to obtain the first...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.34PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.35PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.36PCh. 9 - How does the energy of the bond between a given...Ch. 9 - When liquid benzene (C6H6) boils, does the gas...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.39PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.40PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.41PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.42PCh. 9 - The text points out that, for similar types of...Ch. 9 - Why is there a discrepancy between an enthalpy of...Ch. 9 - Which of the following gases would you expect to...Ch. 9 - Which of the following gases would you expect to...Ch. 9 - Use bond energies to calculate the enthalpy of...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.48PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.49PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.50PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.51PCh. 9 - What is the general relationship between IE1 and...Ch. 9 - Is the H—O bond in water nonpolar covalent, polar...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.54PCh. 9 - How is the partial ionic character of a bond in a...Ch. 9 - Using the periodic table only, arrange the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.57PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.58PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.59PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.60PCh. 9 - Use Figure 9.21 to indicate the polarity of each...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.62PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.63PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.64PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.65PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.66PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.67PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.68PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.69PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.70PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.71PCh. 9 - Geologists have a rule of thumb: when molten rock...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.73PCh. 9 - Use Lewis electron-dot symbols to represent the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.75PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.76PCh. 9 - By using photons of specific wavelengths, chemists...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.78PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.79PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.80PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.81PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.82PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.83PCh. 9 - Find the longest wavelengths of light that can...Ch. 9 - The work function (ϕ) of a metal is the minimum...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.86PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.87PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.88PCh. 9 - In a future hydrogen-fuel economy, the cheapest...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.90PCh. 9 - Prob. 9.91P
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