2. Formation of OAA in mitochondria. In the last reaction of the TCA cycle, malate is dehydrogenated to regenerate the OAA necessary for the entry of acetyl-coA into the cycle: L-Malate + NAD+ → OAA + NADH + H+ AGO' = 30.0 kJ/mol (a) Calculate the equilibrium konstant for this reaction at 25 C. b) Because AG assumes a standard pH of 7, the equilibrium constant calculated in (a) corresponds to [OAA][NADH]_ [L-malate][NAD*] K'eq = The measured concentration of L-malate in rat liver mitochondria is about 0.2 mM when the ratio [NAD*] / [NADH] is 10. Calculate the concentration of OAA at pH 7 in these mitochondria. (c) To appreciate the magnitude of the mitochondrial OAA concentration, calculate the number of OAA
Q: oxidized coenzyme
A: 1. FAD
Q: When pure reduced cytochrome c is added to carefully prepared mitochondria along with ADP, P,…
A: Cytochrome c is a hemeprotein and is a vital component of electron transport chain. The transfer of…
Q: In another key reaction in glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)is isomerized into…
A: Equillibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which…
Q: Amytal is a barbiturate sedative that inhibits electron flow through Complex I. How would the…
A: Glucose is catabolized to form pyruvate via glycolysis. Pyruvate is decarboxylated to form…
Q: 1) When a de-coupler such as 2,4-DNP is added to a respiring mitochondrion, which of the following…
A: DISCLAIMER: Since you have asked multiple questions, we have solved the first question for you. If…
Q: 1.Beta oxidation of fatty acid happens in the a. mitochondrial matrix 4. Which of the following…
A: There are various cellular organelles present within the cell for a eukaryotic cell. The organelles…
Q: Citric acid cycle is also considered to be an anabolic pathway, because: a) Some of the reactions…
A: The citric acid cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle. It is an amphibolic pathway as it functions…
Q: FADH2 is similar to NADH in that it is also oxidized by the respiratory electron transport chain.…
A: Cellular respiration consists of four steps- glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle and…
Q: The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) plays an important role in cellular respiration in response to…
A: Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) are transcription factors that responds to decrease in available…
Q: The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle can transport cytosolic NADH equivalents into the mitochondrial…
A: Note : Hi ! Thank you for the question. We are authorized to answer one question at a time. Since…
Q: Assuming that the pH of the IMS is 1.4 units lower than the pH of the matrix, the free energy yield…
A: ETC (electron transport chain) consist of series of complex proteins through which electrons are…
Q: 4. (a) courses (such as this one) that NADH produced through glycoly- H °H sis in the cytosol can be…
A: NADH is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, present in all living cells. It acts as the coenzyme.…
Q: Pyruvate Oxidation enters the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm. One 2 atom is removed via 3 and 4 is…
A: Cell is the structural and functional unit of life which carries various tasks and activities for…
Q: 26. Is pyruvate being oxidized or reduced during stage 2? How can you tell? (What do you see in this…
A: NOTE: Since you have posted a question with multiple subparts so we will be solving the first three…
Q: 51. THE ONLY INTERMEDIATE IN THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE WHICH HAVE FIVE CARBON? A. OXALOACETATE B.…
A: Citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle is aerobic oxidation of pyruvate produced by glycolysis. The citric…
Q: Oxidative Phosphorylation (Ch. 19) 1. The NADH dehydrogenase complex of the mitochondrial…
A: NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen) dehydrogenase is the first complex in the electron…
Q: what way are the transition step (oxidation of pyruvate) and step 4 of the citric acid cycle…
A: A is incorrect Reason : Both are irreversible reactions and cannot be reversibly activated.
Q: 2B. Calculate the total number of ATP that will be generated from the complete B-oxidation of…
A: For a fatty acid with an odd number of carbons, beta-oxidation still occurs as usual, removing 2…
Q: All the dehydrogenases of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle use NAD+ (?′°E′° for NAD+/NADH is…
A:
Q: 1. There are two metabolic routes for the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).…
A: Hello. Since you have posted multiple questions and not specified which question needs to be solved,…
Q: 1. Which of the following processes generates the most ATP? (Account for the no. of ATP) a. )…
A: ques 1 KREBS CYCLE: - The Krebs cycle only produces 2 molecules of ATP from every pyruvate molecule…
Q: All the dehydrogenases of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle use NAD+ (E°' for NAD+/NADH is -0.32…
A: NADH/FADH2 are also known as reducing equivalents. These reducing equivalents are produced in the…
Q: (A) What is the free energy yield associated with the transport of a proton from the mitochondrial…
A: Given,△G = RTlnKeq. Also given that pH of IMS is 1.4 units lower than pH of the matrix. R =…
Q: From the complete oxidation of glucose (glucose → 6CO2), how many total NADH electron carriers are…
A: Glycolysis is a process in which one molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of…
Q: . Using electron flow arrows, show electron transfer from nadh to fmn in complex 1 of the electron…
A: The electron transport (ETC) chain is coupled with ATP synthesis. ETC occurs in Cristea…
Q: How can you determine whether a suspension of isolated mitochondria metabolizes added glucose to CO,…
A: * carbohydrates metabolism takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell initiallly that is glycolysis *…
Q: In the early days of “mitochondriology,” P/O ratios were determined from measurements of volume of…
A: The P/O ratio is considered the Phosphate/Oxygen ratio that refers to the amount of ATP produced…
Q: An essential characteristic of the malate-aspartate electron shuttle is that? A. it is a…
A: The electrons are exchanged between organelles using shuttle systems. Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle,…
Q: The barbituate drug amytal inhibits complex I from passing electrons to Coenzyme Q. Circle your…
A: According to the question, the barbiturate drug Amytal inhibits the complex I from passing electrons…
Q: 1. Numbers of hydrogen formed between adenine and thymine. 2. What is the general description of…
A: 1. Hydrogen bonds are formed between purine and pyrimidine bases. 2. Citric acid cycle is the final…
Q: 3. DNP: allows protons (H+) to cross the mitochondrial inner membrane (between matrix and…
A: A gradient is formed when something is more in magnitude at one place whereas relatively less at…
Q: xplain briefly but concisely 3. Mammalian liver can carry out gluconeogenesis using oxaloacetate as…
A: Gluconeogenesisis the process that requires energy. It is not a simply the reversal of process of…
Q: 2. The molecule shown here acts as a competitive inhibitor a of a citric acid cycle enzyme. Which…
A: The citric acid cycle is also considered as the metabolic pathway, which results in the formation of…
Q: Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) in the inner mitochondrialmembrane catalyzes the…
A: The nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) is an enzyme which catalyzes the redox reaction…
Q: 6. The AG of the citric acid cycle reaction catalyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase is approximately 0…
A: Citric acid cycle or Krebs Cycle is the cyclic metabolic pathway for the oxidation of various…
Q: 11. Chambers and coworkers have reported [NAD*] and [NADH] concentrations in yeast mitochondria as…
A: As the cell's primary energy-producing metabolic pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle provides most…
Q: You discover a cell that uses Cu*2 as the final electron acceptor in mitochondrial electron…
A: The electron transport chain is an array of protein complexes to transport electrons from electron…
Q: 3. A recently discovered mutant yeast has a shorter glycolytic pathway, and with a new enzyme that…
A: Glycolysis process happens through several steps and during these steps, ATP molecules are produced.
Q: 25. The following graph illustrates the consumption of oxygen in a mitochondrial preparation. Draw,…
A: Since we are entitled to answer first three subparts of the question, we’ll answer the part a-c as…
Q: Concerning the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), which of the following statements is false? a.…
A: Introduction: The tricarboxylic acid cycle or Krebs cycle is the final common pathway for the…
Q: If a C18 compound is metabolized and enters the citric acid cycle as nine C2 fragments (acetyl…
A: Metabolism is the process of anabolism and catabolism combined. It includes both the generative and…
Q: i. a liver cell with non-functional malate-aspartate shuttle* ii. a skeletal muscle cell lacking…
A: There are two types of respiration depending on the availability of oxygen. The presence of oxygen…
Q: ency exchange ratio? Why does the oxidation of mitochondrial FADH2 generate one less ATP than…
A: ATP: Adenosine triphosphate is the energy-carrying molecule in all living organisms. It provides…
Q: 1. If NADH were an allosteric regulator for citrate synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes step 1 of…
A: Modulation or regulation of enzyme activity through the binding of an effector molecule (ligand) is…
Q: dentify a metabolic pathway associated with the enzymes localized in the mitochondrial matrix. a.…
A: The pyruvate molecules formed at the end of the glycolysis are transported into mitochondria in…
Q: What is the reaction potential for oxidation of NADH (for completely passing electrons from NADH to…
A: NADPH → NADP + + H + + 2e Value of reduction potential for NADH oxidation is +0.320 V FADH2 → FAD+…
Q: In aerobic conditions in animal cells, oxidative decarboxyliation release CO2 by eliminating the…
A: Multiple questions are asked. I will answer first question, as per guidelines. 1. Oxidative…
Q: Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport system are similar in that: (READ THESE ANSWER…
A: The electron transport chain is a group of protein complexes that use redox reactions to transfer…
Q: Regarding the regulation of the citric acid cycle (TCA), what are the true alternatives: a.the TCA…
A: Allosteric regulation governs the TCA cycle. The metabolites control the cycle through feedback…
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- (a) Consider the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate by NAD*: malate + NAD+ → oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ In yeast mitochondria, where the pH = 8.1, this reaction is exergonic only at low oxaloacetate concentrations. Assuming a pH = 8.1, a temperature of 37 °C, and the steady-state concentrations given below, calculate the maximum concentration of oxaloacetate at which the reaction will still be exergonic. malate + NAD*→ oxaloacetate + NADH + H* lactate + NAD →→ pyruvate + NADH + H+ half reaction Pyruvate + 2H+ + 2e → lactate Pyruvate + CO₂ + H + 2e → malate Intracellular steady state concentrations: malate = 410 μM; NAD = 20.0 mM; pyruvate = 3.22 mM; NADH = 290 μM; AG=+29.7 kJ/mol AG¹ = +25.1 kJ/mol E° (V) - 0.190 - 0.330 lactate 1.1 mM CO₂ = 15.5 torr1. Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol are all inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochon- dria. Provide an explanation to the following conditions regarding these potent inhibitors. (a) Explain why adding cyanide to an active in vitro suspension of mitochondria blocks ATP synthesis. What happens to the rate of ATP synthesis when 2,4-dinitrophenol is added to this mitochon- drial suspension after it was treated with cyanide? (b) Explain why the rate of oxygen consumption decreases in an in vitro suspension of mito- chondria when oligomycin is added. What happens to the rate of oxygen consumption in this oligomycin- inhibited system after adding 2,4-dinitrophenol? Explain.21) Compute the moles of FADH2, NADH, GTP generated and NADPH consumed in the dissimilation of one mole each of the octadecanoic acid and A3.5-ocatadienoic acid thioesters shown below to CO2 in the mitochondrial matrix space. Enter the product yields of electron carriers and GTP and the total yield of ATP after processing mitochondrial electron-transport chain in the tables provided below COAS COAS Product Total Converslon Yield ATP Product Total Conversion Yleld ATP FADH2 1.5 FADH2 1.5 2.5 NADH 2.5 NADH NADPH -2.5 NADPH -2.5 GTP GTP Total ATP Total ATP 8.
- Propose structures for intermediates A and B in the scheme below. This three-step conversion is carried out by enzymes that require no redox cofactors (no FAD, NADH etc.) nor TPP. Which enzyme in the citric acid cycle has an activity most similar to enzyme 1? Which enzyme in the PPP or the citric acid cycle has an intermediate that bears similarity to intermediate B? H OH COO™ Enzl A Enz2 B Enz3 OHConsider 3 molecules of galactose: (write only the whole number; no decimal places) How many turns of Krebs Cycle will these molecules undergo for complete oxidation? b. How many moles of ATP are produced upon complete oxidation via malate-aspartate shuttle? c. If all the galactose molecules oxidize via pentose phosphate pathway (oxidative stage only), how many moles of NADPH will be produced?In oxidative phosphorylation.... 1. Succinate contributes 2e- to Complex II and 2H+ to the mitochondrial proton gradient. 2. NADH in the matrix passes 2 e- to coenzyme Q via Complex I. 3. Complexes I, II, III, and IV each contribute to the matrix proton gradient. 4. O2 stabilizes the catalytically active conformation of Complex V. 5. Reversible protonation of c subunits leads to rotation of the Complex V gamma subunit. 6. Each β subunit can bind ATP tightly under the right conditions. 7. For every 3 protons that pass across the inner mitochondrial membrane, 1 ATP is produced. Choose all options that are true.
- Aconitase catalyzes the reaction: citrate ↔ HisocitrateThe standard free energy change, ΔG°′, for this reaction is +6.3 kJ/mol.However, the observed free energy change (ΔG) for this reaction in mammalian mitochondria at 25°C is ∼0 kJ>mol (Table 13.2).(a) Calculate the ratio of [isocitrate]>[citrate] in mitochondria.(b) Is this reaction likely to be a control point for the citric acid cycle? Whyor why not?Chambers and coworkers have reported [NAD+] and [NADH] concentrations in yeast mitochondria as 20 mM and 0.3 mM, respectively. Consider the Malate Dehydrogenase reaction below: Malate + NAD+ → Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ ∆G0’ = +29.7 kJ/mol If Malate concentration in yeast mitochondria is 0.4 mM what is the maximum concentration of oxaloacetate needed to make the reaction exergonic at pH 7.0 and 370C?All the dehydrogenases of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle use NAD+ (?′°E′° for NAD+/NADH is −0.32 V−0.32 V) as electron acceptor except succinate dehydrogenase, which uses covalently‑bound FAD (?′°E′° for FAD/FADH2 in this enzyme is 0.050 V).0.050 V). The ?′°E′° value for fumarate/succinate is 0.031 V.0.031 V. a)Calculate the Δ?′°ΔG′° value for the oxidation of succinate using NAD+. b)Calculate the Δ?′°ΔG′° value for the oxidation of succinate using covalently‑bound FAD.
- a) Make a theoretical calculation of how many ATP molecules can be formed from the breakdown of a molecule of Acetyl- CoA into carbon dioxide and water. The prerequisite is that the entire proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane can be used for ATP production and that the ATP synthase has 6 c-subunits.The following incorrect description of the HMS path is () A, 6-P-glucose can be converted into pentose phosphate through this pathway B. Four-carbon and seven-carbon sugars can be provided through this route C. For every mole of carbon dioxide produced when 6-P-glucose is converted to pentose phosphate, it also produces 1 mole of NADPH D, 6-P-glucose is decomposed in this way without consumption of ATP Among the following enzyme-catalyzed reactions that can generate substrate level phosphorylation to generate GTP are () A, hexokinase B, enolase C, succinate thiokinase D, succinate dehydrogenase The limiting factor of fatty acid synthesis in cell fluid is (). A, condensation enzyme B, hydration enzyme C, lipoacyl group transferase D, acetyl-CoA carboxylase Which of the following amino acids is an essential amino acid? () A.Thr B.Lys C.Met D.ArgCitrate synthase catalyzes the reaction Oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA →citrate + HS-CoA The standard free energy change for the reaction is −31.5 kJ · mol−1. (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction at 37°C. (b) Would you expect this reaction to serve as a control point for its pathway (the citric acid cycle)?