Introns in protein-coding genes of some eukaryotes are rarely shorter than 65 nucleotides long. What might be a rationale for this limitation?
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Q: Introns in eukaryotic protein-coding genes are rarely shorter than 65 nucleotides in length. What…
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Q: Introns in eukaryotic protein-coding genes may be quite large, but almost none are smaller than…
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- Introns in eukaryotic protein-coding genes may be quite large, but almost none are smaller than about 65 bp. What is the reason for this minimum intron size?Introns in eukaryotic protein-coding genes are rarely shorter than 65 nucleotides in length. What might be a rationale for this limita- tion?Knowing that the genetic code is almost universal, a scientist uses molecular biological methods to insert the human β-globin gene (Shown in Figure 17.11) into bacterial cells, hoping the cells will express it and synthesize functional β-globin protein. Instead, the protein produced is nonfunctional and is found to contain many fewer amino acids than does β-globin made by a eukaryotic cell. Explain why.
- A eukaryotic protein-encoding gene contains two introns and three exons: exon 1–intron 1–exon 2–intron 2–exon 3. The 5′ splice site at the boundary between exon 2 and intron 2 has been eliminated by a small deletion in the gene. Describe how the pre-mRNA encoded by this mutant gene will be spliced. Indicate which introns and exons will be found in the mRNA after splicing occurs.In eukaryotes there is not a consistent relationship between the length of the coding sequence of a gene and the length of the mature mRNA it encodes, even though one nucleotide in DNA = one nucleotide in pre-mRNA or primary transcript. Explain why this is so.What molecular biology strategy can best be used to determine Inhibition of the splicing of one intron from the parental RNA resulting in a longer protein product? Explain.
- Knowing that the genetic code is almost universal, a scientist uses molecular biological methods to insert the human - globin gene (shown in the figure below (Links to an external site.)) into bacterial cells, hoping the cells will express it and synthesize functional - globin protein. Instead, the protein produced is nonfunctional and is found to contain many fewer amino acids than does -globin made by a eukaryotic cell. Explain why and give thoughts as to how to overcome this.The human gene for ß2 lens crystallin has the components listed below. The numbers represent nucleotidepairs that make up the particular component. Assumefor simplicity that no alternative splicing is involved.5′ UTR 1741st exon 1191st intron 5322nd exon 3372nd intron 14313rd exon 2083rd intron 3804th exon 4444th intron 995th exon 5463′ UTR 715Answer the following questions about the ß2 lenscrystallin gene, primary transcript, and gene product.Questions asking where should be answered with oneof the 11 components from the list or with None.Assume poly-A tails contain 150 As.a. How large is the ß2 lens crystallin gene in bp (basepairs)?b. How large is the primary transcript for ß2 lenscrystallin in bases?c. How large is the mature mRNA for ß2 lens crystallin in bases?d. Where would you find the base pairs encoding theinitiation codon?e. Where would you find the base pairs encoding thestop codon?f. Where would you find the base pairs encoding the5′ cap?g. Where would you find the base…Here is a eukaryotic gene. The numbers given are base pairs of exon and intron. How long in bases will the pre mRNA transcript be? Explain briefly. What is the maximum number of amino acids that could make up the protein product from the final mRNA? Explain briefly.
- The following four mutations have been discovered in a gene that has more than 60 exons and encodes a very large protein of 2532 amino acids. Indicate which mutation would likely cause a detectable change in the size of the mRNA and/or the size of the protein product. Consider a detectable change to be >10% of the wild-type size. A table of the genetic code is shown below. First letter 0 00 U O A บบบ UUC UUA UUG U CUU CUC CUA CUG Phe GUU GUC GUA GUG Leu >Leu AUU AUC lle AUA AUG Met >Val UCU UCC UCA UCG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU ACC ACA ACG GCU GCC GCA GCG Second letter C Ser Pro Thr Ala CAU CAC CAA CAG UAU UGU Tyr UAC UGC UAA Stop UGA UAG Stop UGG AAU AAC AAA AAG A GAU GAC GAA GAG His Gin Asn Lys Asp G Glu CGU CGC CGA CGGJ AGU AGC AGA AGG GGU GGC GGA GGG O AAG576UAG (changes codon 576 from AAG to UAG) Cys Stop Trp O GUG326AUG (changes codon 326 from GUG to AUG) Arg Ser Arg Gly DUAG DUA G DCAG DO AG deletion of codon 779 insertion of 1000 base pairs into the sixth intron (this particular…Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation in a gene that comprises 2.5 million base pairs and specifies a protein called dystrophin. However, less than 1% of the gene actually encodes the amino acids in the dystrophin protein. On the basis of what you now know about gene structure and RNA processing in eukaryotic cells, provide a possible explanation for the large size of the dystrophin gene.Considering that prokaryote genomes do not have large introns, how is it possible to move a eukaryotic gene into a transformed bacterium, since they lack a spliceosome?