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All Textbook Solutions for Human Biology (MindTap Course List)

Larry goes to the doctor complaining that he cant see the right side of the visual field with either eye. Where in the visual signal-processing pathway is Larrys problem occurring?In a rock climber like the man pictured in Figure 14.25, which organs of equilibrium are activated? Figure 14.25 Dangling upside down affects several organs of equilibrium. What are they?Distinguish among hormones, neurotransmitters, local signaling molecules, and pheromones.A hormone molecule binds to a receptor on a cell membrane. It doesnt enter the cell; rather, the binding activates a second messenger inside the cell that triggers an amplified response to the hormonal signal. Is the signaling molecule a steroid or a nonsteroid hormone?Which hormones produced in the posterior and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland have the targets indicated? Below, fill in the blanks using the abbreviations noted in Section 15.3.4RQ Give two examples of feedback control of hormone activity.__________ are molecules released from a signaling cell that have effects on target cells. a. Hormones b. Neurotransmitters c. Local signaling molecules d. Pheromones e. a and b f. all of the above Hormones are produced by ______________. a. endocrine glands and cells b. some neurons c. exocrine cells f. a, b, and c d. a and b e. a and c ADH and oxytocin are hypothalamic hormones secreted from the pituitarys _____________ lobe. a. anterior b. posterior c. primary d. secondary _______ has effects on body tissues in general. a. ACTH b. TSH c. LH d. Growth hormone Which of the following stimulate the secretion of hormones? a. neural signals b. local chemical changes c. hormonal signals stimulate hormone secretion d. environmental cues e. all of the above can _________lowers blood sugar levels; ____________ raises the level of blood sugar. a. Glucagon; insulin b. Insulin; glucagon c. Gastrin; insulin d. Gastrin; glucagon The pituitary detects a rising hormone concentration in blood and inhibits the gland that is secreting the hormone. This is a ___________ feedback loop. a. positive b. negative Second messengers assist _________. a. steroid hormones b. nonsteroid hormones c. only thyroid hormones d. both a and b Match the hormone source with the closest description.Match the endocrine control concepts.Addisons disease develops when the adrenal cortex does not secrete enough mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. President John F. Kennedy was diagnosed with the disease when he was a young man. Before he started treatment with hormone replacement therapy, he was hypoglycemic and lost weight. Which missing hormone was responsible for his weight loss? How might Addisons disease have affected his blood pressure?A physician sees a patient whose symptoms include sluggishness, depression, and intolerance to cold. After eliminating other possible causes, the doctor diagnoses a hormone problem. What disorder fits the symptoms? Why does the doctor suspect that the underlying cause is a malfunction of the anterior pituitary gland?3CT Secretion of the hormone ADH may decrease or stop if the pituitarys posterior lobe is damaged, as by a blow to the head. This is one cause of diabetes insipidus. People with this form of diabetes excrete so much dilute urine that they may become seriously dehydrated. Where are the target cells of ADH?Distinguish between: a. seminiferous tubule and vas deferens b. sperm and semen c. Leydig cells and Sertoli cells d. primary oocyte and secondary oocyte e. follicle and corpus luteum f. the three phases of the menstrual cycle Which hormones influence the development of sperm?Which hormones influence the menstrual and ovarian cycles?List four events that are triggered by the surge of LH at the midpoint of the menstrual cycle.What changes occur in the endometrium during the ovarian cycle?Label the parts of the female reproductive system and list their functions.Label the parts of the male reproductive system and state their functions.Which oocyte stage is ovulated? What happens to it if it encounters a sperm cell there? What happens if it does not meet up with sperm?Besides producing gametes (sperm and eggs), the primary male and female reproductive organs also produce sex hormones. The _____ and the pituitary gland control secretion of both._____ production is continuous from puberty onward in males; _____ production is cyclic and intermittent in females. a. Egg; sperm b. Sperm; egg c. Testosterone; sperm d. Estrogen; egg The secretion of _____ controls the formation of sperm. a. testosterone b. LH c. FSH d. all of the above During the menstrual cycle, a midcycle surge of _____ triggers ovulation. a. estrogen b. progesterone c. LH d. FSH Ovulation releases _________. a. the corpus luteum b. a primordial follicle c. a primary oocyte d. a secondary oocyte and first polar body Which is the correct order for one turn of the menstrual cycle? a. corpus luteum forms, ovulation, follicle forms b. follicle grows, ovulation, corpus luteum forms In order for sexual intercourse to produce a pregnancy, both partners must experience _____. a. orgasm b. ejaculation c. affection d. none of the above Fertilization _____. a. unites the nuclei of a sperm and egg cell b. forms a zygote that has chromosomes of both parents c. usually occurs in an oviduct d. all of the above e. a and b but not c Fertility specialists may advise a couple who wish to conceive a child to use an alkaline (basic) douche immediately before intercourse. What might the reasoning behind this advice be?In the fertility awareness method of birth control, a woman gauges her monthly fertile period by monitoring changes in the consistency of her vaginal mucus. What kind of information does such a method provide about the likelihood of getting pregnant?Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) can include mood swings, fluid retention (edema), anxiety, backache and joint pain, food cravings, and other symptoms. PMS usually develops after ovulation and lasts until just before or just after menstruation begins. Although the precise cause of PMS is unknown, it seems clearly related to the cyclic production of ovarian hormones. After reviewing Figure 16.3, suggest which hormonal changes may trigger PMS. Figure 16.3 Animated! Hormones govern the menstrual and ovarian cycles. A GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH. B FSH and LH stimulate a follicle to grow, an oocyte to mature, and the ovaries to secrete progesterone and estrogens that stimulate the endometrium to rebuild. C A midcycle LH surge triggers ovulation and the formation of a corpus luteum. D Progesterone and some estrogens released by the corpus luteum maintain the endometrium, but if no pregnancy occurs, they stop being released and the corpus luteum breaks down. ( Cengage Learning)4CT 5CT Define and describe the main features of the following developmental stages: fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation.2RQ Summarize the development of an embryo and a fetus. When are body parts such as the heart, nervous system, and skeleton largely formed?Label the early development stages shown in the following diagram.1SQ During cleavage, the _______ is converted to a ball of cells, which in turn is transformed into the __________. a. zygote; blastocyst b. trophoblast; embryonic disk c. ovum; embryonic disk d. blastocyst; embryonic disk 3SQ 4SQ _________ is the gene-guided process by which cells in different locations in the embryo become specialized. a. Implantation b. Neurulation c. Cell differentiation d. Morphogenesis In a human zygote, the cell divisions of cleavage produce an embryonic stage known generally as a _______. a. zona pellucida b. gastrula c. blastocyst d. larva Match each developmental stage with its description.8SQ 9SQ 10SQ 1CT 2CT One of your best friends tells you that she and her husband think she might be pregnant. She feels she can wait until shes several months along before finding an obstetrician. You think she could use some medical advice sooner, and you suggest she discuss her plans with a physician as soon as possible. What kinds of health issues might you be concerned about?The complications of ectopic pregnancy (Section 17.2) are life-threatening for the mother, and in fact each year in the United States a few pregnant women die when their situation is not diagnosed in time. Tragically, the only option is to surgically remove the embryo, which was doomed from the beginning. Based on what you know about where an embryo normally develops, explain why the ectopic embryo in Figure 17.25 could not have long survived. Figure 17.25 This embryo, the result of an ectopic pregnancy, could not survive implantation outside its mothers uterus.1RQ 2RQ 3RQ Name the four main stages of mitosis, and describe what happens in each stage.5RQ 6RQ 1SQ 2SQ 3SQ 4SQ 5SQ After mitosis, each daughter cell contains genetic instructions that are ______ and _____ chromosome number of the parent cell. a. identical to the parent cells; the same b. identical to the parent cells; one-half the c. rearranged; the same d. rearranged; one-half the All of the following are stages of mitosis except _________. a. prophase b. interphase c. metaphase d. anaphase 8SQ 9SQ Because of the ________ alignment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, gametes can end up with _________ mixes of maternal and paternal chromosomes. a. unvarying; different b. unvarying; duplicate c. random; duplicate d. random; different Match the stage of mitosis with the following key events.Normally you cant inherit both copies of a homologous chromosome from the same parent. Why? Assuming that no crossing over has occurred, how likely is it that one of your non-sex chromosomes is an exact copy of the same chromosome your maternal grandmother had? Explain your answer.Suppose you have a way of measuring the amount of DNA in a single cell during the cell cycle. You first measure the amount during the G1 phase. At what points during the remainder of the cycle would you predict changes in the amount of DNA per cell?Adams maternal and paternal chromosomes have alternate forms of a gene that influences whether a person is right-handed or left-handed. One form says right and its partner says left. Visualize one of Adams spermatogonia, in which chromosomes are being duplicated prior to meiosis. Visualize what happens to the chromosomes during anaphase I and II. (It might help to use toothpicks as models of the sister chromatids of each chromosome.) What fraction of Adam's sperm will carry the gene for right-handedness? For left-handedness?Fresh out of college, Maria has her first job teaching school. When she goes for a pre-employment chest X-ray required by the school district, the technician places a lead-lined apron over her abdomen but not over any other part of Marias body. The apron prevents electromagnetic radiation from penetrating into the protected body area. What cells is the lead shield designed to protect, and why?Define the difference between (a) gene and allele, (b) dominant allele and recessive allele, (c) homozygote and heterozygote, and (d) genotype and phenotype.2RQ What is probability, and how is it applied in genetic analysis?What is independent assortment? Does independent assortment occur during mitosis or during meiosis?Alleles are ___________. a. alternate forms of a gene b. different molecular forms of a chromosome c. always homozygous d. always heterozygous A heterozygote has _____. a. only one of the various forms of a gene b. a pair of identical alleles c. a pair of contrasting alleles d. a haploid condition, in genetic terms 3SQ Offspring of a cross AA aa are ______. a. all AA b. all aa c. all Aa d. 1/2 AA and 1/2 aa e. none of the above 5SQ 6SQ Which statement best fits the principle of segregation? a. Units of heredity are transmitted to offspring. b. Two genes of a pair separate from each other during meiosis. c. Members of a population become segregated. d. A segregating pair of genes is sorted out into gametes independently of how gene pairs located on other chromosomes are sorted out.8SQ 9SQ 10SQ One gene has alleles A and a. Another has alleles B and b. For each genotype listed, what type(s) of gametes can be produced? (Assume independent assortment occurs.) a. AABB b. AaBB c. Aabb d. AaBb Still referring to Problem 1, what will be the possible genotypes of offspring from the following matings? With what frequency will each genotype show up? a. AABB aaBB b. AaBB AABb c. AaBb aabb d. AaBb AaBb Go back to Problem 1, and assume you now study a third gene having alleles C and c. For each genotype listed, what type(s) of gametes can be produced? a. AABBCC b. AaBBcc c. AaBBCc d. AaBbCc The young woman shown at right has albinismvery pale skin, white hair, and pale blue eyes. This phenotype is due to the absence of melanin, which imparts color to the skin, hair, and eyes. It typically is caused by a recessive allele. In the following situations, what are the probable genotypes of the father, the mother, and their children? a. Both parents have normal phenotypes; some of their children are albino and others are not. b. Both parents and all their children are albino. c. The mother is not albino, the father is albino, and one of their four children is albino.When you decide to breed your Labrador retriever Molly and sell the puppies, you discover that two of Mollys four siblings have developed a hip disorder that is traceable to the action of a single recessive allele. Molly herself shows no sign of the disorder. If you breed Molly to a male Labrador that does not carry the recessive allele, can you assure a purchaser that the puppies will also be free of the condition? Explain your answer.The ABO blood system has been used to settle cases of disputed paternity. Suppose, as a geneticist, you must testify during a case in which the mother has type A blood, the child has type O blood, and the alleged father has type B blood. How would you respond to the following statements? a. Mans attorney: The mother has type A blood, so the childs type O blood must have come from the father. Because my client has type B blood, he could not be the father. b. Mothers attorney: Further tests prove this man is heterozygous, so he must be the father.7CT A man is homozygous dominant for ten different genes that assort independently. How many genotypically different types of sperm could he produce? A woman is homozygous recessive for eight of these genes and is heterozygous for the other two. How many genotypically different types of eggs could she produce? What can you conclude about the relationship between the number of different gametes possible and the number of heterozygous and homozygous gene pairs that are present?9CT Bill and Marie each have flat feet, long eyelashes, and achoo syndrome (chronic sneezing). All are dominant traits. The genes for these traits each have two alleles, which we can designate as follows: Bill is heterozygous for each trait. Marie is homozygous for all of them. What is Bill's genotype? What is Maries genotype? If they have four children, what is the probability that each child will have the same phenotype as the parents? What is the probability that a child will have short lashes, high arches, and no achoo syndrome?You decide to breed a pair of guinea pigs, one black and one white. In guinea pigs, black fur is caused by a dominant allele (B) and white is due to homozygosity for a recessive allele (b) at the same locus. Your guinea pigs have seven offspring, four black and three white. What are the genotypes of the parents? Why is there a 1:1 ratio in this cross?1RQ What is a carrier of a genetic trait?What evidence indicates that a trait is coded by a dominant allele on an autosome?4RQ Explain what nondisjunction is, and give two examples of phenotypes that can result from it._______ segregate during ______. a. Homologues; mitosis b. Genes on one chromosome; meiosis c. Homologues; meiosis d. Genes on one chromosome; mitosis 2SQ Genes on the same chromosome tend to stay together during _____ and end up in the same ______. a. mitosis; body cell b. mitosis; gamete c. meiosis; body cell d. meiosis; gamete e. both a and d 4SQ A chromosomes structure can be altered by _______. a. deletions b. duplications c. translocations d. all of the above Nondisjunction can be caused by ________. a. crossing over in meiosis b. segregation in meiosis c. failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis d. multiple independent assortments A gamete affected by nondisjunction could have __________. a. a change from the normal chromosome number b. one extra or one missing chromosome c. the potential for a genetic disorder d. all of the above Genetic disorders can be caused by __________. a. gene mutations b. changes in chromosome structure c. changes in chromosome number d. all of the above A person who is a carrier for a genetic trait ___________. a. is heterozygous for a dominant trait b. is heterozygous for a recessive trait c. is homozygous for a recessive trait d. could be either a or b but not c 10SQ If a couple has six boys, what is the probability that a seventh child will be a girl?Human sex chromosomes are XX for females and XY for males. a. With respect to an X-linked gene, how many different types of gametes can a male produce? b. If a female is homozygous for an X-linked allele, how many different types of gametes can she produce with respect to this allele? c. If a female is heterozygous for an X-linked allele, how many different types of gametes can she produce with respect to this allele?People with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21, for a total of 47 chromosomes. However, in a few cases of Down syndrome, 46 chromosomes are present. This total includes two normal-looking chromosomes 21, one normal chromosome 14, and a longer-than-normal chromosome 14. Interpret this observation. How can these individuals have 46 chromosomes?4CT 5CT About 4 percent of people of Northern European descent have a cystic fibrosis allele, but only about 1 in 2,500 of these people actually has the disorder. What is the most likely reason for this finding?The following pedigree shows the pattern of inheritance of red-green color blindness in a family. Females are shown as circles and males as squares; the squares or circles of individuals affected by the trait are filled in black. What is the chance that a son of the third-generation female indicated by the arrow will be color blind if the father is not color blind? If he is color blind?Why is DNA replication called semiconservative?2RQ 3RQ How does RNA differ from DNA?5RQ 6RQ 7RQ 8RQ 9RQ 1SQ 2SQ mRNA is produced by ___________. a. replication b. duplication c. transcription d. translation 4SQ 5SQ 6SQ 7SQ 8SQ Match the terms related to protein building.10SQ 1CT 2CT 3CT 1RQ 2RQ 3RQ 4RQ 5RQ 6RQ 1SQ 2SQ 3SQ 4SQ 5SQ Tumor suppressor genes _____. a. occur normally in cells b. promote metastasis c. are brought into cells by viruses d. only rarely affect the development of cancer 7SQ The most common therapeutic approaches to treating cancer include all of the following except ________. a. chemotherapy b. irradiation of tumors c. surgery to remove cancerous tissue d. administering doses of vitamins 9SQ 10SQ 1CT A textbook on cancer contains the following statement: Fundamentally, cancer is a failure of the immune system. Why does this comment make sense?Ultimately, cancer kills because it spreads and disturbs homeostasis. Consider, for example, a kidney cancer that metastasizes to the lungs and liver. What are some specific aspects of homeostasis that the spreading disease could affect?Over the last few months, your best friend, Mark, has noticed a small, black-brown, raised growth developing on his arm. When you suggest that he have it examined by his doctor, he says hes going to wait and see if it gets any larger. You know thats not a very smart answer. Give three arguments that you can use to try to convince Mark to seek medical advice as soon as possible.Some desperate cancer patients consume pills or other preparations containing shark cartilage, which the manufacturers tout as an anti-angiogenesis compound. The basis for these claims is the fact that blood vessels do not grow into cartilage. Responsible researchers point out that, regardless of the properties of cartilage, there is no way that eating it could provide any anticancer benefit. Why is this counterargument correct?1RQ As shown in Figure 23.25, there is considerable variation in the facial features of humans. Explain this fact in terms of the concept of the gene pool. Figure 23.25 Humans show a great deal of variation in their outward appearance. (Top: Rodriguez/ Fancy/Jupiterimages; Bottom left: Owen Franken/Corbis; Bottom right: Christopher Briscoe/Photo Researchers, Inc)3RQ 4RQ 5RQ 6RQ 1SQ The relative numbers of different genes (alleles) in a gene pool change as a result of four processes of microevolution: _________, _________, _________, and _________.A difference in survival and reproduction among members of a population that vary in one or more traits is called ________.The fossil record of evolution correlates with evidence from ______. a. the geologic record b. radiometric dating c. comparing development patterns and morphology d. comparative biochemistry e. all of the above 5SQ 6SQ In _____________, new species of a lineage move into a wide range of habitats by way of bursts of microevolutionary events. a. an adaptive radiation b. natural selection c. genetic drift d. punctuated equilibrium 8SQ 1CT 2CT 3CT 1RQ 2RQ 3RQ 4RQ Describe the reservoirs and organisms involved in the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle.1SQ 2SQ ________ is the study of how organisms interact with one another as well as with their physical and chemical environment.4SQ A feeding relationship that proceeds from algae to a fish, then to a fisherman, and then to a shark is _____. a. a food chain b. a food web c. a and b 6SQ 7SQ 1CT The use of off-road recreational vehicles may double in the next 20 years. Enthusiasts would like increased access to government-owned deserts like the one shown in Figure 24.1 A. Some argue that deserts are the perfect places for off-roaders because theres nothing there. Explain whether you agree, and why.3CT Describe at least two ways that human activities are altering air quality.2RQ Describe the greenhouse effect. Make a list of twenty agricultural and other products that you depend on. Are any implicated in global warming?4RQ 1SQ 2SQ 3SQ Greenhouse gases ________. a. slow the escape of heat from Earth into space b. are produced by natural and human activities c. are at higher levels than they were 100 years ago d. all of the above All the following are renewable energy sources except ______. a. hydropower b. wind c. natural gas d. solar energy 6SQ The map below shows the availability of direct solar energy in North America. Some areas are good candidates for solar heating systems and use of solar cells to produce electricity (see legend). What is the potential for using more solar energy where you live?2CT Some people have proposed that all nuclear power plants in the United States be phased out over the next 20 years. Explain why you agree or disagree.

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