Chapter 11, Problem 45A

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of $3d$ electron innickel with $Z=28$ should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Electronic configuration can be assigned to any elements in ground when they follow certain rules like Hund rule, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Aufbau rule. If atomic number of an element is $Z$ then $Z$ numbers of electrons are filled into the orbitals which are arranged in increasing order of energy.

No two electrons in an atom can have same group of four quantum numbers and this is Pauli Exclusion Principle.

While filling of orbital’s, electron first enters to each energy level with degenerate energy before paring of electron begins and this is Hund’s rules.

Answer to Problem 45A

Number of $3d$ electron innickel with $Z=28$ is 8.

Explanation of Solution

As per Aufbau rule,electrons are filled in lower energy orbitals that are closer to the nucleus before they are filled in higher energy ones. The order of orbital arranged in their increasing energies is as follows:

  $\begin{array}{l}1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<\\ 6s<4f<5d<6p<7s<5f<6d<7p\end{array}$ .

So complete electronic configuration of nickel with $Z=28$ is as follows:

  $\text{1}{s}^2\text{2}{s}^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^8$

Hence number of $3d$ electron innickel with $Z=28$ is 8.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of $3d$ electron invanadium with $Z=23$ should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Electronic configuration can be assigned to any elements in ground when they follow certain rules like Hund rule, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Aufbau rule. If atomic number of an element is $Z$ then $Z$ numbers of electrons are filled into the orbitals which are arranged in increasing order of energy.

No two electrons in an atom can have same group of four quantum numbers and this is Pauli Exclusion Principle.

While filling of orbital’s, electron first enters to each energy level with degenerate energy before paring of electron begins and this is Hund’s rules.

Answer to Problem 45A

Number of $3d$ electron invanadium with $Z=23$ is 3.

Explanation of Solution

As per Aufbau rule,electrons are filled in lower energy orbitals that are closer to the nucleus before they are filled in higher energy ones. The order of orbital arranged in their increasing energies is as follows:

  $\begin{array}{l}1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<\\ 6s<4f<5d<6p<7s<5f<6d<7p\end{array}$ .

So complete electronic configuration of vanadium with $Z=23$ is as follows:

  $\text{1}{s}^2\text{2}{s}^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^3$

Hence number of $3d$ electron invanadium with $Z=23$ is 3.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of $3d$ electron inmanganese with $Z=25$ should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Electronic configuration can be assigned to any elements in ground when they follow certain rules like Hund rule, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Aufbau rule. If atomic number of an element is $Z$ then $Z$ numbers of electrons are filled into the orbitals which are arranged in increasing order of energy.

No two electrons in an atom can have same group of four quantum numbers and this is Pauli Exclusion Principle.

While filling of orbital’s, electron first enters to each energy level with degenerate energy before paring of electron begins and this is Hund’s rules.

Answer to Problem 45A

Number of $3d$ electron inmanganese with $Z=25$ is 5.

Explanation of Solution

As per Aufbau rule,electrons are filled in lower energy orbitals that are closer to the nucleus before they are filled in higher energy ones. The order of orbital arranged in their increasing energies is as follows:

  $\begin{array}{l}1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<\\ 6s<4f<5d<6p<7s<5f<6d<7p\end{array}$ .

So complete electronic configuration of manganese with $Z=25$ is as follows:

  $\text{1}{s}^2\text{2}{s}^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^5$

Hence number of $3d$ electron inmanganese with $Z=25$ is 5.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of $3d$ electron iniron with $Z=26$ should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Electronic configuration can be assigned to any elements in ground when they follow certain rules like Hund rule, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Aufbau rule. If atomic number of an element is $Z$ then $Z$ numbers of electrons are filled into the orbitals which are arranged in increasing order of energy.

No two electrons in an atom can have same group of four quantum numbers and this is Pauli Exclusion Principle.

While filling of orbital’s, electron first enters to each energy level with degenerate energy before paring of electron begins and this is Hund’s rules.

Answer to Problem 45A

Number of $3d$ electron iniron with $Z=26$ is 6.

Explanation of Solution

As per Aufbau rule,electrons are filled in lower energy orbitals that are closer to the nucleus before they are filled in higher energy ones. The order of orbital arranged in their increasing energies is as follows:

  $\begin{array}{l}1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<\\ 6s<4f<5d<6p<7s<5f<6d<7p\end{array}$ .

So complete electronic configuration of iron with $Z=26$ is as follows:

  $\text{1}{s}^2\text{2}{s}^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^6$

Hence number of $3d$ electron iniron with $Z=26$ is 6.