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(a)
Interpretation:Whether the arrows representing the movement of electrons in molecules A to D leading to a resonance form is correct or not needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:VSEPR theory stands as Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory. It helps to predict the molecular shape or geometry of the molecule with the help of the number of bond pair or lone pair present in it. According to VSEPR theory, the presence of lone pair on the central atom of molecule causes deviation from standard molecular geometry.
The resonance is the phenomenon in which if all the properties cannot explain by one structure, it can be shown in two or more structures by the shifting of pi bonds or lone pair but there is no change in sigma bond and position of atoms.
(b)
Interpretation:Thetwo resonance forms of nitrite ion
Concept Introduction:VSEPR theory stands for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory. It helps to predict the molecular shape or geometry of the molecule with the help of the number of bond pair or lone pair present in it. According to VSEPR theory, the presence of lone pair on the central atom of molecule causes deviation from standard molecular geometry. This is because of the repulsion between lone pairs and bond pairs of the central atom of the molecule. The order of repulsion is:
Lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bond pair > bond pair-bond pair
Based on the number of lone pair and bond pair, the molecular geometry can be determined with the help of below table.
| Number of hybridizations | Bond pair | Lone pair | Geometry |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | Linear |
| 2 | 1 | 1 | Linear |
| 3 | 3 | 0 | Trigonal planar |
| 3 | 2 | 1 | Bent |
| 4 | 4 | 0 | Tetrahedral |
| 4 | 3 | 1 | Trigonal pyramidal |
| 4 | 2 | 2 | Bent |
| 5 | 5 | 0 | Trigonal bipyramidal |
| 5 | 4 | 1 | See saw |
| 5 | 3 | 2 | T shaped |
| 5 | 2 | 3 | Linear |
| 6 | 6 | 0 | Octahedral |
(c)
Interpretation:TheLewis octet and valence shell expanded resonance forms of
Concept Introduction:VSEPR theory stands as Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory. It helps to predict the molecular shape or geometry of the molecule with the help of the number of bond pair or lone pair present in it. According to VSEPR theory, the presence of lone pair on the central atom of molecule causes deviation from standard molecular geometry. This is because of the repulsion between lone pairs and bond pairs of the central atom of the molecule. The order of repulsion is:
Lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bond pair > bond pair-bond pair
Based on the number of lone pair and bond pair, the molecular geometry can be determined with the help of below table.
| Number of hybridization | Bond pair | Lone pair | Geometry |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | Linear |
| 2 | 1 | 1 | Linear |
| 3 | 3 | 0 | Trigonal planar |
| 3 | 2 | 1 | Bent |
| 4 | 4 | 0 | Tetrahedral |
| 4 | 3 | 1 | Trigonal pyramidal |
| 4 | 2 | 2 | Bent |
| 5 | 5 | 0 | Trigonal bipyramidal |
| 5 | 4 | 1 | See saw |
| 5 | 3 | 2 | T shaped |
| 5 | 2 | 3 | Linear |
| 6 | 6 | 0 | Octahedral |
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Chapter 1 Solutions
Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function
- The cations O2+ and N2+ are formed when molecules of O2 and N2 are subjected to intense, high-energy solar radiation in Earths upper atmosphere. Write the electron configuration for O2+. Predict its bond order and magnetic behavior.arrow_forwardIf the dipole moment of a diatomic molecule is found to be 1.04 D, and its bond length is found to be 124 pm, what is the fractional charge on the atoms of the molecule in Coulombs (C)?arrow_forwardWhat atomic or hybrid orbitals make up the bond between C and O in carbon dioxide, CO2 ?arrow_forward
- What is the formal charge on the central chlorine atom in the molecular ion [ClO4]- ? Assume that all of the Cl-O bonds are single bonds.arrow_forwardBased on average bond enthalpies, would you expect a photon capable ofdissociating a C¬Cl bond to have sufficient energy to dissociate a C¬Br bond?arrow_forwardIs the electron density consistentwith equal contributions from the tworesonance structures for O3? Explain.arrow_forward
- In developing a Lewis structure for NO +, the nitroxonium ion, how many valence electrons must you account for?arrow_forwardprovide the following information including the lewis structure and the 3D sketch for CH2Cl2 and SCl2arrow_forwardAccount for the ability of phosphorus to form five bonds, as in PF5.arrow_forward
- Electrons in bonds are negatively charged and therefore repel each other. If you had a molecule of formula AB 2 , with A being the central atom, what would you predict the 3D shape to be to allow maximum distance between the two B atoms bonded to A?arrow_forwardExcept for nitrogen, the elements of Group 5A(15) all form pentafluorides, and most form pentachlorides. The chlorine atoms of PCl₅ can be replaced with fluorine atoms one at a timeto give, successively, PCl₄F, PCl₃F₂, ... , PF₅. (a) Given the sizesof F and Cl, would you expect the first two F substitutions to beat axial or equatorial positions? Explain. (b) Which of the five fluorine-containing molecules have no dipole moment?arrow_forwardIn each of the following molecules, a central atom is surrounded by a total of three atoms or unshared electron pairs: SnCl2, BCl3, SO2. In which of these molecules would you expect the bond angle to be less than 120? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forward
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