Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259700903
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., Janice Fischer, Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 16, Problem 3P
One of the main lessons of this chapter is that several bacterial genes are often transcribed from a single promoter into a large multigene (polycistronic) transcript. The region of DNA containing the set of genes that are cotranscribed, along with all of the regulatory elements that control the expression of these genes, is called an operon.
| a. Which of the mechanisms in the following list could explain differences in the levels of the mRNAs for different operons? | ||||||
b. Which of the mechanisms in the following list could explain differences in the levels of the protein products of different genes in the same operon?
|
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One of the main lessons of this chapter is that several bacterial genes are often transcribed from a single promoter into a large multigene (polycistronic) transcript. The region of DNA containing the set of genes that are cotranscribed, along with all of the regulatory elements that control the expression of these genes, is called an operon.
a. Which of the mechanisms in the following list (i-vi) could explain differences in the levels of the mRNAs for different operons?
Different promoters might have different DNA sequences
Different promoters might be recognized by different types of RNA polymerase
The secondary structures of mRNAs might differ which will influence the rate at which they are degraded by ribonucleases.
In an operon, some genes are farther away from the promoter than other genes
The translational initiation sequences at the beginning of different open reading frames in an operon might result in different efficiencies of translation
Proteins encoded by different genes…
If the above gene is one of the three structural genes of the lac operon that codes for the protein/ enzyme responsible for breaking lactose into two molecules of simple sugars, what triggers the activation of this gene?
a.
Absence of Inhibitory protein
b.
Presence of lactose
c.
Absence of lactose
d.
Presence of Inhibitory protein
e.
Absence of Regulatory protein
If glucose levels in the cell are high and lactose is available from the environment, what is the status of transcription of the lac operon genes? Explain your answer from both an evolutionary perspective and in terms of negative and positive regulation of the operon?
Chapter 16 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Ch. 16 - For each of the terms in the left column, choose...Ch. 16 - The following statement occurs early in this...Ch. 16 - One of the main lessons of this chapter is that...Ch. 16 - All mutations that abolish function of the Rho...Ch. 16 - The figure at the beginning of this chapter shows...Ch. 16 - The promoter of an operon is the site to which RNA...Ch. 16 - You are studying an operon containing three genes...Ch. 16 - You have isolated a protein that binds to DNA in...Ch. 16 - You have isolated two different mutants reg1 and...Ch. 16 - Bacteriophage , after infecting a cell, can...
Ch. 16 - Mutants were isolated in which the constitutive...Ch. 16 - Suppose you have six strains of E. coli. One is...Ch. 16 - The previous problem raises some interesting...Ch. 16 - For each of the E. coli strains containing the lac...Ch. 16 - For each of the following growth conditions, what...Ch. 16 - For each of the following mutant E. coli strains,...Ch. 16 - Maltose utilization in E. coli requires the...Ch. 16 - Seven E. coli mutants were isolated. The activity...Ch. 16 - Cells containing missense mutations in the crp...Ch. 16 - Six strains of E.coli mutants 16 that had one of...Ch. 16 - a. The original constitutive operator mutations in...Ch. 16 - In an effort to determine the location of an...Ch. 16 - Prob. 23PCh. 16 - The footprinting experiment described in Fig....Ch. 16 - Why is the trp attenuation mechanism unique to...Ch. 16 - a. How many ribosomes are required at a minimum...Ch. 16 - The following is a sequence of the leader region...Ch. 16 - For each of the E. coli strains that follow,...Ch. 16 - Prob. 29PCh. 16 - For each element in the list that follows,...Ch. 16 - Among the structurally simplest riboswitches are...Ch. 16 - Great variation exists in the mechanisms by which...Ch. 16 - Many genes whose expression is turned on by DNA...Ch. 16 - In 2005, Frederick Blattner and his colleagues...Ch. 16 - The E.coli MalT protein is a positive regulator of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 36PCh. 16 - Prob. 37PCh. 16 - Prob. 38PCh. 16 - Prob. 39PCh. 16 - Prob. 40PCh. 16 - Prob. 41PCh. 16 - The researchers who investigated bioluminescence...Ch. 16 - Prob. 43PCh. 16 - Quorum sensing controls the expression of...Ch. 16 - Scientists are currently screening a chemical...
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- If glucose is not available, but lactose is available from the environment, what is the status of transcription of the lac operon genes? Explain your answer from both an evolutionary perspective and in terms of negative and positive regulation of the operon?arrow_forwardListed in parts a through g are some mutations that were found in the 5′ UTR of the trp operon of E. coli. What will the most likely effect of each of these mutations be on the transcription of the trp structural genes? a. A mutation that prevents the binding of the ribosome to the 5′ end of the mRNA 5′ UTR b. A mutation that changes the Trp codons in region 1 of the mRNA 5′ UTR into codons for alanine c. A mutation that creates a stop codon early in region 1 of the mRNA 5′ UTR d. Deletions in region 2 of the mRNA 5′ UTR e. Deletions in region 3 of the mRNA 5′ UTR f. Deletions in region 4 of the mRNA 5′ UTR g. Deletion of the string of adenine nucleotides that follows region 4 in the 5′ UTRarrow_forwardne of the main lessons of this chapter is that several bacterial genes are often transcribed from a single promoter into a large multigene (polycistronic) transcript. The region of DNA containing the set of genes that are cotranscribed, along with all of the regulatory elements that control the expression of these genes, is called an operon. a. Which of the mechanisms in the following list (i-vi) could explain differences in the levels of the protein products of different genes in the same operon? Different promoters might have different DNA sequences Different promoters might be recognized by different types of RNA polymerase The secondary structures of mRNAs might differ which will influence the rate at which they are degraded by ribonucleases. In an operon, some genes are farther away from the promoter than other genes The translational initiation sequences at the beginning of different open reading frames in an operon might result in different efficiencies of translation Proteins…arrow_forward
- Suppose you are studying the regulation of a gene involved in the metabolism of two nutrients, Llamasin and Alpacalon, in bacteria. You are trying to determine if these nutrients act as inducers in their operons. The following data were collected from your experiments. Which of these operons is most similar to the lac operon? Explain. Nutrient Levels of nutrient in growth medium Level of transcription of genes in operon Llamasin low high high low Alpacalon low low high high Highlight one in green: Llamasin Alpacalon Explanation:arrow_forward. Listed in parts a through g are some mutations that were found in the 5′ UTR of the trp operon of E. coli. What will the most likely effect of each of these mutations be on the transcription of the trp structural genes? Q. A mutation that changes the Trp codons in region 1 of the mRNA 5′ UTR into codons for alaninearrow_forwardMany bacterial genes with related functions are arranged in operons, sets of contiguous genes that are under the control of a single promoter and are transcribed together. (a) What is the advantage of this arrangement? (b) How might eukaryotic cells, which do not contain operons, ensure the simultaneous transcription of different genes?arrow_forward
- You then make a screen to identify potential mutants (shown as * in the diagram) that are able to constitutively activate Up Late operon in the absence of Red Bull and those that are not able to facilitate E. Coli growth even when fed Red Bull. You find that each class of mutations localize separately to two separate regions. For those mutations that prevent growth even when fed Red Bull are all clustered upstream of the core promoter around -50 bp. For those mutations that are able to constitutively activate the operon in the absence of Red Bull are all located between the coding region of sleep and wings. Further analysis of each DNA sequence shows that the sequence upstream of the promoter binds the protein wings and the region between the coding sequence of sleep and wings binds the protein sleep. When the DNA sequence of each is mutated, the ability to bind DNA is lost. Propose a final method of gene regulation of the Up Lateoperon using an updated drawn figure of the Up Late…arrow_forward. Listed in parts a through g are some mutations that were found in the 5′ UTR of the trp operon of E. coli. What will the most likely effect of each of these mutations be on the transcription of the trp structural genes? Q. Deletions in region 2 of the mRNA 5′ UTRarrow_forwardThere is Hyaluronic acid synthesis occuring in Group X Strep and it is controlled by an operon with 3 genes, called hasXYZ. Based on the 3-line diagram model, a. How many ribosome binding sites are there for the protein? b. How many promoters are there for the genes? c. How many start codons are there for the protein? d. How many RNA Polymerase binding locations are there for the genes? e. How many proteins will be fully functional? f. How many mRNA strands are made?arrow_forward
- The fictional bacteria Plumbumbacter aurus converts the lead ions to gold ions and uses the resulting electrons to create ATP. aurus has the midas operon which includes the promoter (midasP), the operator (midasO), and eight genes that encode proteins involved in converting lead to gold. The midas operon is regulated by the protein encoded by the midasR gene and the presence of gold ions. When the concentration of gold ions is low, the midas operon is transcribed and the bacteria convert lead into gold. When the concentration of gold is high, the midas operon is off. To better understand regulation of the midas operon, you created P. aurus mutants. The midasR- mutant has a nonfunctional midasR, the midasO- mutant has a nonfunctional midasO, and the midasP-mutant has a nonfunctional midasP. Based on the data below, the midas operon has what type of transcription control? (negative inducible, negative repressible, positive inducible, positive repressible) Strain Produces Gold in…arrow_forwardIf β-galactosidase is expressed when lactose is absent, what does this suggest about the lac operon? a) There is a mutation in the repressor protein b) There is a mutation in the catabolite activator protein c) There is a mutation in the promoter region d) There is a mutation in the luxI proteinarrow_forwardA mutation in the operator region of the trp operon can prevent the trp repressor from binding to this operator. When these mutant cells are placed in a solution containing chicken broth, which of the following happens? a. Tryptophan would bind to the repressor. b. The Repressor would bind to the operator irrespective of the presence of amino acids in the environment. c. The transcription of the trip operon would be inhibited. d. The transcription of the repressor protein is inhibitedarrow_forward
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