Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 18, Problem 7TY
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
The genome is the complete set of genetic materials present in a cell or an organism. Genome of many bacterial and archaeal species have been sequenced up to date. The length of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is about few millions base pairs long and are usually circular. But linear chromosomes are also found in some species. bacterial and archaeal genomes are less complex compared to eukaryotic genome.
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Briefly discuss the following questions in 3 to 5 sentences.
What is horizontal gene transfer? What are the three mechanisms for this to occur in bacteria?
What are the components needed for the processes of transformation, conjugation, and transduction? How does each process occur? What genes are involved in each process?
How do generalized and specialized transduction differ? What is the end result of each?
What is recombination? What is the importance to bacteria & archaea?
What are the two types of recombination? What are the details of each type? What components are needed for each type?
Analyses of genomes have allowed researchers to determine that some cells have very small genomes. If you were asked to predict which organisms are likely to have smaller genomes than others, which option below would be MOST likely?
A.
Bacteria that live in plant hosts are likely to have smaller genomes than those that live in animal hosts as it takes a smaller variety of metabolic processes to survive in an animal host.
B.
Although less is known about Archaea than about Bacteria as fewer species have been studied, it is likely that Archaea have smaller genomes on average than Bacteria as they have fewer metabolic needs.
C.
Bacteria that are endosymbionts, living within a host, can survive with smaller genomes than free-living Bacteria because they can rely on their host for many of their needs.
D.
Protists generally have had smaller genomes than Bacteria because Bacteria have such large amounts of noncoding DNA.
Briefly discuss the following topics, including appropriate examples for each:3.1. Genomic fingerprinting for the phylogenetic analysis of bacteria 3.2. Photosynthetic pigments and environmental habitats of green sulphur bacteria3.3. Advantages of phage therapy for bacterial infections
Chapter 18 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 18.1 - In the procedure shown in this figure, has the...Ch. 18.1 - Refer back to Figure 9.16. Why are primers needed...Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 18.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 18.1 - Prob. 4CCCh. 18.1 - Prob. 2BCCh. 18.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 18.1 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 18.1 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 18.2 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 18.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 18.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 18.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 18.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 18.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 18.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 18.4 - Prob. 1BCCh. 18.4 - The sizes of eukaryotic genomes vary because more...Ch. 18.4 - The members of a gene family are called paralogs....Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 18.5 - Based on their mechanism of movement, which type...Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 18.5 - A segment of DNA that moves via an RNA...Ch. 18 - Prob. 1TYCh. 18 - Prob. 2TYCh. 18 - Lets suppose you followed the protocols described...Ch. 18 - Prob. 4TYCh. 18 - Lets suppose you want to clone a gene that has...Ch. 18 - In the CRISPR-Cas technology used for mutating...Ch. 18 - Prob. 7TYCh. 18 - Prob. 8TYCh. 18 - Prob. 9TYCh. 18 - Prob. 10TYCh. 18 - Draw the structure of a dideoxyribonucleotide...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 18 - Prob. 3CCQCh. 18 - Identify and discuss three important advances that...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- find an example of a set of genes that have been horizontally gene transferred between bacteria or archaea. Which organisms are the genes transferred between? Explain the set of genes that were transferred. Include what they are for and what the advantage to sharing those genes are.What do the organisms use the genes for?Which organisms the transfer happened between?What might be the advantage be to share the genes with other organisms?arrow_forwardWhat are the 4 characteristics/properties of rRNA genes which make them good molecular chronometers. Why viruses are not found in the tree of life? Why might viable cell cultures be of more use in microbial taxonomy than preserved specimens? Is it possible to provide a formal name for a microorganism that has not been cultivated in isolation? What kind of name might be used if a microorganism is well-characterized but cannot yet be cultivated in isolation?arrow_forwardWhen we discussed microbiome analysis, we used a popular example in which you perform PCR using primers specific to a region of the 16S rRNA. This means that bacteria and archaea sequences will be represented in the PCR product and can be taxonomically assigned after deep sequencing, while eukaryotes will be excluded from the analysis. True Falsearrow_forward
- Which of the following is an example of horizontal genetransfer?a. The transfer of a gene from one strain of E. coli to a differentstrain via conjugationb. The transfer of a gene from one strain of E. coli to a differentstrain via transductionc. The transfer of an antibiotic resistance gene from E. coli toSalmonella typhimurium via transformationd. All of the above are examples of horizontal gene transfer.arrow_forwardWhich of the following bacterium is used for gene transfer in plants?a) Agrobacteriumb) Azatobacterc) Rhizobiumd) Ecoliarrow_forwardThe graphs show a spectrum of antibiotic-resistant organisms, from 1 to 11, where 1 is the least-resistant and 11 is the most resistant. Notice that before the population replicates (graph on the left), there are no bacteria with resistance 2 or 3, OR 11. But after the population replicates, there are some bacteria with these resistance levels, indicated by the yellow arrows. Which of the following explains the origin of the bacteria pointed at by the yellow arrows? A mutations that happen when the cells in the population replicate their DNA and divide in two B some bacteria just shift one way or the other. C bacteria learn how to become more resistantarrow_forward
- consider the following terms: Envelope Fusion Gene therapy Pathogen Vaccine Capsule Decomposer Epidemic Mold Spore Yeast Choose 2 terms from the list and answer the following questions for each term: What familiarity and prior knowledge do you have about the term? What does the term mean in everyday language to everyday people? Use examples to help describe your thoughts. How do people use the word? What does the term mean in technical language to biologists? How is the term related to the course student learning outcome: Describe classifications of biological diversity? What are the similarities and differences between the everyday and technical meanings and uses of the term? What impact might the similarities and differences have on your learning of biology concepts in this course?arrow_forwardExplain why the 16S rRNA gene sequence can reveal useful information about bacterial taxonomy that can be used to aid the rapid identification and genotyping of bacterial pathogens.arrow_forwardAntibiotic resistance is a real concern for the continued existence of humans. Bacteria exchange genes for antibiotic resistance through , leading to large populations of antibiotic individuals. Group of answer choices Vertical Gene Transfer Asexual Reproduction Horizontal Gene Transfer Transfugationarrow_forward
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Bacterial Genomics and Metagenomics; Author: Quadram Institute;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6IdVTAFXoU;License: Standard youtube license