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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The total number of five-membered rings that are present in the structure of a cholesterol molecule has to be stated.
Concept introduction: The structure of the lipid that is based upon the fused system of rings which includes three identical six-membered rings and only one five-membered ring is known as steroid. The fused ring system of the steroid is known as the steroid nucleus.
A steroid of
(b)
Interpretation: The total number of ester linkages that are present in the structure of a cholesterol molecule has to be stated.
Concept introduction: The structure of the lipid that is based upon the fused system of rings which includes three identical six-membered rings and only one five-membered ring is known as steroid. The fused ring system of the steroid is known as the steroid nucleus.
A steroid of
(c)
Interpretation: The total number of methyl substituents that are present in the structure of a cholesterol molecule has to be stated.
Concept introduction: The structure of the lipid that is based upon the fused system of rings which includes three identical six-membered rings and only one five-membered ring is known as steroid. The fused ring system of the steroid is known as the steroid nucleus.
A steroid of
(d)
Interpretation: The total number of
Concept introduction: The structure of the lipid that is based upon the fused system of rings which includes three identical six-membered rings and only one five-membered ring is known as steroid. The fused ring system of the steroid is known as the steroid nucleus.
A steroid of
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Chapter 19 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Answer the following questions: a. How many possible stereoisomers does D-ribose have? b. What bond is present between the fatty acyl group and the C-2 amino group of sphingosine in a Ceramide?arrow_forwardConsider the structure of the tripeptide (in its fully protonated form) below. H H H + I || H₂N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-OH 1 I | H CH₂ H CH₂ CH₂ T C=O OH AA1 0=0 || HC-CH3 CH3 AA2 AA3 0=C 1. Give the sequence of the tripeptide using the ONE-LETTER DESIGNATION (UPPERCASE LETTER) with NO spaces and symbols between each letter. 2. How many ionizable groups are there in the tripeptide? Give the numerical value (e.g., 10 not ten). • pH 10: {Choices: -2, -1, 0, +1, +2} 3. Which amino acid residue has one ionizable group left upon forming the tripeptide? {Choices: AA1, AA2, AA3, none, all} 4. Give the net charge of the dominant structure of the tripeptide at the given pH values. The pK, values of the amino acids are given in Table 1. • pH 4: {Choices: -2, -1, 0, +1, +2}arrow_forwardOne or more of the compounds shown below will satisfy each of the following statements. Not all compounds may be used; some may be used twice. Put the number(s) in the blank. (1) Found in chitin. (2) An L-saccharide. (3) The first residue attached to asparagine in N-linked glycans. (4) A uronic acid. (5) A ketose. CH,OH CoO COO OH H H H H ОН Н но OH OH H OH H HO OH H NHC- CH, Oso, OH (a) (b) (c) CH,OH CH,OH CH,OH C=0 CHOH C=0 H-C- OH CH,OH но -с-н ČH,OH CH,OH (d) (e)arrow_forward
- In principle, there are many different, chemically diverse ways in which small molecules can be linked to form polymers. For example, the small molecule ethene (CH2=CH2) is used commercially to make the plastic polyethylene (...–CH2–CH2– CH2–CH2–CH2–...). The individual subunits of the three major classes of biological macromolecules, however, are all linked by similar reaction mechanisms, i.e., by condensation reactions that eliminate water. Can you think of any benefits that this chemistry offers and why it might have been selected in evolution?arrow_forwardWhat is the net average charge on the predominant form of lysine at pH values of (a) 2.0, (b) 5.0 and (c) 7.0? CLUE: draw the structure of lysine and show its different charged forms; then consider in which pH domains the pKa values for deprotonation/protonation occur.arrow_forwardDraw the structural for the lipid glyceryl tristearate and draw a dotted line about the portion that makes it soluble in nonpolar solvents like cyclohexane. Format BIU ...arrow_forward
- A) Refer to the figure below, Identify and explain the two types of reactions, and describe what are the importance of these reactions to our bodies. Reaction 1 H Monomer Reaction 2 H H OH + H H H₂O H H₂O OH + H H OH OH + H H₂O H₂O OH OH + H OH OH OH OH B) What are the main chemical interactions that determine and maintain the quaternary structure of proteins. Also, what are the conditions that can alter these interactions? [arrow_forwardWhat is the contribution of dilsulfide bonds in proteins?Which groups or side chain participate in these reactions? Discuss with examples in detail.arrow_forwardisomaltose is a disaccharide which can be obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of amylopectin. Deduce the structure of isomaltose from the following data: a. The hydrolysis of 1 mole of isomaltose with acid or alpha-glucosidase yields 2 moles of D- glucose. b. Isomaltose is a reducing sugar c. Isomaltose is oxidized with bromine water to isomaltonic acid. Insomaltonic acid methylation followed by hydrolysis yielded 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose and 2,3,4,5- tetra-O-methyl-D-gluconate acid. d. Isomaltose methylation itself followed by hydrolysis to produce 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl- D-glucose and 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose. Describe according to the four points abovearrow_forward
- The polymer chains of glycosaminoglycans are widelyspread apart and bind large amounts of water.a. What two functional groups of the polymer make thisbinding of water possible?b. What type of bonding is involved?arrow_forwardOlestra has been used in certain snack foods as an alternative to fats and oils. Its structure consists of a sucrose molecule in which all free hydroxyl groups have formed esters with oleic acid (an 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid). Olestra molecules have no caloric value because they are exceptionally large and cannot be digested. Draw the structure of olestra. Use R-COOH as an abbreviation for oleic acid.arrow_forwardWhat is the molecular weight of a linear polysaccharide consisting of 7 galactose monomers and 1 terminal glucose monomer? The molecular weight of glucose (C6H12O6) is 180.156 g/mol. Remember that the types glycosidic of linkages are irrelevant for calculating the molecular weight. Write your answer in terms g/mol.arrow_forward
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