Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Changes in bonding that would result from the removal of two electrons from benzene HOMO has to be described.
Concept Introduction:
Bond order is calculated by the expression given as follows:
The magnetic properties are related to terms such as diamagnetism and paramagnetism. Paramagnetism defines the ability of elements to be weakly attracted in an external magnetic field. It arises due to the presence of unpaired electrons. Diamagnetism defines the ability to be repelled in the external magnetic field environment. This is because diamagnetic species have paired electrons.
(b)
Interpretation:
Changes in bonding that would result from the addition of two electrons from benzene LUMO has to be described.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
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Chapter 2 Solutions
CHEM PRINCIPLES LL W/ACHIEVE ONE-SEM
- For a given molecular formula of a hydrocarbon, such as C6H14, draw the structural formulae of its different structural isomers. For a given structural isomer, be able to draw several diagrams that all represent the same isomer that has been transformed by (a) rotation of the whole molecule and/or (b) rotation around single covalent bondsarrow_forwardTwo useful organic compounds that contain Cl atoms are vinyl chloride (CH2 = CHCI) and chloroethane (CH;CH;CI). Vinyl chloride is the starting material used to prepare poly (vinyl chloride), a plastic used in insulation, pipes, and bottles. Chloroethane (ethyl chloride) is a local anesthetic. Why is the C- Cl bond of vinyl chloride stronger than the C– CIl bond in chloroethane.arrow_forwardIf you rotate the hydrogen atoms to a different position in a a model of C2H6 by turning about the central C—C bond, do you get different structural (or constitutional) isomers of C2H5Cl?arrow_forward
- Alcohols A, B, and C all have the composition C4H10O. Molecules of alcohol A contain a branched carbon chain and can be oxidized to an aldehyde; molecules of alcohol B contain a linear carbon chain and can be oxidizedto a ketone; and molecules of alcohol C can be oxidized to neither an aldehyde nor a ketone. Write the Lewis structures of these molecules.arrow_forwardDraw and describe the hybridization process of PROPENE, CH3CH=CH2. State the type of hybrid of each carbon, label all the bonds involve.arrow_forwardThe carbon–carbon bond length in C2H2 is 1.20 Å, that in C2H4 is 1.34 Å, and that in C2H6 is 1.53 Å. Near which of these values would you predict the bond length of C2 to lie? Is the experimentally observed value, 1.31 Å, consistent with your prediction?arrow_forward
- what is the term used to describe organic reactions in which each atom of a diatomic molecule is transferred to one of the carbons in a double bond?arrow_forwardHow do you find the hydridization of the carbon atoms in the resonance hybrid of benzene?arrow_forwardIdentify the hybrid and atomic orbitals involved in the CH and CC bonds in acetylene.arrow_forward
- Draw the shapes of the following molecules and ions in 3-dimension. Show clearly any lone pairs of electrons on the central atom, state the number of bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons on the central atom and name the shape of the molecule or ion. (a) CH3+, methyl carbocation (b) HOBr, bromic (I) acid (c) NCl3, nitrogen trichloride Provide everything stated in the instructions for each compound.arrow_forwardThis question is about the chemistry of alkenes, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons. (a) State what is meant by the term unsaturated as applied to a hydrocarbon. (1) (b) An organic compound, X, is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with molecular formula CH₂. (i) Draw the displayed formulae and give the names of two molecules with molecular formula C₂H, which are E/Z isomers. (3) Isomer 1 Isomer 2 Name: Name:arrow_forwardHydrogen cyanide can be catalytically reduced with hydro-gen to form methylamine. Use Lewis structures and bond ener-gies to determine ΔH°ᵣₓₙ for HCN(g)+2H₂(g)→CH₃NH₂(g)arrow_forward
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