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Interpretation:
The reason for “the formation of two byproducts, diphenyl ether and 4-hydroxybiphenol, in the Dow process for the production of phenol” is to be explained.
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
The Dow process is the process of formation of phenol from benzene. In this process, first, benzene is converted into chlorobenzene, which is further hydrolyzed with a base to form phenoxide ions. This is followed by acidification, leading to the formation of phenol.
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Chapter 21 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- When trans-2-chloro-1-cyclohexanol is treated with a base, cyclohexene oxide is the product. However, when cis-2-chloro-1-cyclohexanol is treated with a base, the product is cyclohexanone i. Write the equation for the reaction between trans-2-chloro-1-cyclohexanol and the base to yield the cyclohexene oxide. ii. Why doesn’t the cis isomer yield the oxide?. iii. Write the mechanism for each of the two reactions.arrow_forwardAlkyl sulfonates undergo the same type of substitution reactions as alkyl halides and can also be prepared from alcohols. What advantage does the preparation of an alkyl sulfonate from an alcohol have over the preparation of an alkyl halide from an alcohol?arrow_forwardWhen trans-2-chloro-1-cyclohexanol is treated with a base, cyclohexene oxide is the product. However, when cis-2-chloro-1-cyclohexanol is treated with a base, the product is cyclohexanoneWrite the equation for the reaction between trans-2-chloro-1-cyclohexanol and the base to yield the cyclohexene oxide Why doesn’t the cis isomer yield the oxide?Write the mechanism for each of the two reactions. .arrow_forward
- Explain the reaction pathway for the synthesis of hexanol, using hexene, and water. Make it correct and clear.arrow_forwardPredict the reactants for the products: 1) methoxypropane 2) Methoxybenzene 3) Cyclohexanethiol 4) 2-ethylthiopropanearrow_forwardGive the reagent and the reaction conditions that would distinguish between the following compounds. Explain the principles behind the reactions. Write the chemical equation for the reactions involved. phenol and cinnamaldehydearrow_forward
- Which alcohols can be prepared as a single product by hydroboration– oxidation of an alkene? Which alcohols can be prepared as a single product by the acid-catalyzed addition of H2O to an alkene?arrow_forwardThe reactant: benzophenone & 2-propanol the product: benzopinacol & acetonearrow_forwardSuggest a simple chemical test that will differentiate between the following pairs of compounds. Write equations for the reactions involved. ▪ phenol and isopentyl alcohol ▪ tert-butyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol ▪ neopentyl alcohol and ether ▪ sec-butyl alcohol and neopentyl alcohol ▪ propene and 2-butanolarrow_forward
- Identify the characteristics of phenolic compounds and alcohols,explain how they act, and evaluate their primary uses.arrow_forwardWhen the conjugate acid of aniline, C6H5NH3+, reacts with the acetate ion, the following reaction takes place: C6H5NH3+(aq)+CH3COO(aq)C6H5NH2(aq)+CH3COOH(aq) If Kafor C6H5NH3+ is 1.35105 and Kafor CH3COOH is 1.86105 , what is K for the reaction?arrow_forwardWrite a balanced chemical equation based on the following description: propanol, C₃H₇OH(l) burns in airarrow_forward
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