(a) Interpretation: All lone pairs to the atom at the point of attachment for every substituent in Table 23-1 are to be added. Also, out of the two columns, the column (ortho/para- or meta directing substituents) in which these substituents can be found is to be given. Concept introduction: The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.2YT

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All lone pairs to the atom at the point of attachment for every substituent in Table 23-1 are to be added. Also, out of the two columns, the column (ortho/para- or meta directing substituents) in which these substituents can be found is to be given.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The substituent in the column attached by an atom that has no lone pairs of electrons is to be shown. Also any electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

In the other column, electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be found.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.2YT

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All lone pairs to the atom at the point of attachment for every substituent in Table 23-1 are to be added. Also, out of the two columns, the column (ortho/para- or meta directing substituents) in which these substituents can be found is to be given.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The substituent in the column attached by an atom that has no lone pairs of electrons is to be shown. Also any electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

In the other column, electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be found.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.2YT

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All lone pairs to the atom at the point of attachment for every substituent in Table 23-1 are to be added. Also, out of the two columns, the column (ortho/para- or meta directing substituents) in which these substituents can be found is to be given.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The substituent in the column attached by an atom that has no lone pairs of electrons is to be shown. Also any electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

In the other column, electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be found.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.2YT

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All lone pairs to the atom at the point of attachment for every substituent in Table 23-1 are to be added. Also, out of the two columns, the column (ortho/para- or meta directing substituents) in which these substituents can be found is to be given.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The substituent in the column attached by an atom that has no lone pairs of electrons is to be shown. Also any electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

In the other column, electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be found.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

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Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 23.2YT

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All lone pairs to the atom at the point of attachment for every substituent in Table 23-1 are to be added. Also, out of the two columns, the column (ortho/para- or meta directing substituents) in which these substituents can be found is to be given.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The substituent in the column attached by an atom that has no lone pairs of electrons is to be shown. Also any electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

In the other column, electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be found.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 23.2YT

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All lone pairs to the atom at the point of attachment for every substituent in Table 23-1 are to be added. Also, out of the two columns, the column (ortho/para- or meta directing substituents) in which these substituents can be found is to be given.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 23.2YT

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All lone pairs to the atom at the point of attachment for every substituent in Table 23-1 are to be added. Also, out of the two columns, the column (ortho/para- or meta directing substituents) in which these substituents can be found is to be given.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The substituent in the column attached by an atom that has no lone pairs of electrons is to be shown. Also any electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The substituent in the column attached by an atom that has no lone pairs of electrons is to be shown. Also any electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

In the other column, electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be found.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

In the other column, electronegative atoms at or near the point of attachment are to be found.

Concept introduction:

The substituent on the benzene ring prior to substitution dictates the regiochemistry of the reaction. Some substituents are designated as ortho/para directors because they lead to product mixtures consisting primarily of the ortho- and para-disubstituted products. Other substituents are designated as meta directors because they favor the formation of the meta-disubstituted product. The results from nitration reactions are summarized in Table 23-1:

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.1P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.2P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.3P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.4P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.5P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.6P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.7P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.8P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.9P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that all lone pairs are added to the atom at the point of attachment for every substituent in Table 23-1.

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Chapter 23 Solutions