Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Books a la Carte Plus Mastering Microbiology with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134603940
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 26.6, Problem 1CR
Innate recognition of common pathogens occurs through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Phagocytes recognize PAMPs through preformed pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The recognition and interaction process stimulates phagocytes to destroy the pathogens through a signal transduction mechanism that induces phagocytosis of the infectious agent.
Identify some PAMPs that are recognized by PRRs. Which cells express PRRs? How do PRRs associate with PAMPs to promote innate immunity?
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Although the complement cascade can be initiated by antibodies bound to the surface of a pathogen, complement activation is generally considered to be an innate immune response. This is because:
Two of the three pathways for complement activation are initiated by constitutively produced recognition molecules that directly interact with microbial surfaces.
When the complement cascade leads to the formation of a membrane-attack complex, the pathogen is killed.
Several of the soluble products generated by complement activation lead promote the inflammatory response.
Complement proteins bound to the pathogen promote uptake and destruction by phagocytic cells.
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Ingestion of complement-tagged pathogens by phagocytes is mediated by receptors for the bound complement proteins. Even when the complement cascade fails to proceed beyond generating the C3 convertase, complement activation is effective at inducing pathogen uptake and destruction. This process of immune protection is mediated by:
Activation of complement inhibitory receptors on phagocytes that promote pathogen uptake
Activation of soluble proteases in the serum that disrupt pathogen membranes
Engagement of complement receptors on phagocytes by C3b and its cleavage products which promotes phagocytosis
Engagement of complement receptors on B cells that promotes antibody production
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The effector mechanisms that are recruited to clear an infection depend on the infectious agent. In addition to producing distinct innate responses locally at the site of infection, the different cytokines produced during type I, type 2, or type 3 immune responses also induce distinct adaptive immune responses that are tailored to the eradication of the three different classes of pathogens. One example is the production of different classes of antibodies during type I, type 2, or type 3 responses. Which step during the induction of the adaptive immune response is the key to generating and coordinating the three different immune modules?
Chapter 26 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Books a la Carte Plus Mastering Microbiology with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (15th Edition)
Ch. 26.1 - What major class of immune cells mediates an...Ch. 26.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 26.1 - Compare and contrast the major features of innate...Ch. 26.2 - Describe host tissue specificity for pathogens.Ch. 26.2 - Identify physical and chemical barriers to...Ch. 26.2 - What other factors may control the outcome of an...Ch. 26.2 - Identify at least four mechanisms by which a...Ch. 26.3 - Describe the circulation of a leukocyte from the...Ch. 26.3 - What soluble molecules determine whether a...Ch. 26.3 - Cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity...
Ch. 26.4 - How does the development of B, T, and NK cells...Ch. 26.4 - Distinguish between the primary lymphoid organs...Ch. 26.4 - Leukocytes are differentiated white blood cells...Ch. 26.5 - Although technically not part of the immune...Ch. 26.5 - Describe the mechanisms by which circulating...Ch. 26.5 - Pathogens may colonize host tissues when...Ch. 26.6 - Identify a PAMP shared by a group of...Ch. 26.6 - Outline the general features of a signal...Ch. 26.6 - Innate recognition of common pathogens occurs...Ch. 26.7 - Identify the mechanism used by phagocytes to...Ch. 26.7 - Describe several reasons why phagocytes are not...Ch. 26.7 - Phagocytosis is the engulfing of infectious...Ch. 26.8 - Prob. 1MQCh. 26.8 - Identify the major symptoms of localized...Ch. 26.8 - Fever and inflammation, characterized by pain,...Ch. 26.9 - In what ways does the classical pathway of...Ch. 26.9 - What is opsonization, and how does opsonization...Ch. 26.9 - Why are the mannose-binding lectin and alternative...Ch. 26.9 - The complement system is composed of soluble...Ch. 26.10 - Prob. 1MQCh. 26.10 - Prob. 2MQCh. 26.10 - Prob. 1CRCh. 26 - Prob. 1AQCh. 26 - Describe the potential problems that would arise...Ch. 26 - Prob. 3AQCh. 26 - Prob. 4AQ
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- In addition to phagocytosis, neutrophils use a process called NETs. Which one of the following describes this process? Group of answer choices A. NETs is a neutrophil process that activates the complement system of proteins, which destroys pathogens. B. A net-like structure of DNA, histones, lactoferrins, gelatinase, cathepsin G, and myeloperoxidase is secreted at pathogens. Together these chemicals destroy pathogens. C. NETs works when neutrophils secrete major basic proteins onto pathogens, destroying the pathogens' cell membranes. D. NETs are chemicals secreted by neutrophils that trigger the rapid maturation of lymphoid stem cells into lymphocytes.arrow_forwardWhich proteins involved in the activation of T cells have the capacity for transduction without the need to be activated by a family of kinases?arrow_forwardExplain the multifaceted role of interferons as first responders to viral infection: What types of interferons are activated by viruses at the earliest stages of infection? How are interferons activated? What types of stimuli activate interferons at the earliest stages of viral infection.? Identify the receptors to which interferon binds and how their activation affects gene expression?arrow_forward
- Describe the roles that phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells and plasma proteins such as complement and interferon play in innate immunity?arrow_forwardSome viruses have mechanisms to down-regulate MHC class I protein expression on the surface of cells in which the virus is replicating. This immune evasion strategy might prevent effector CD8 cytotoxic T cells from recognizing and killing the virus-infected cells. Would this immune evasion strategy also prevent the initial activation of virus-specific CD8 T cells? Yes, because no viral peptide:MHC class I complexes would form to activate CD8 T cells. No, because dendritic cells would take up infected cells and cross-present viral peptides to activate CD8 T cells. No, because some presentation of MHC class I complexes with viral peptides would occur before the virus could down-regulate all the surface MHC class I protein. Yes, because this immune evasion strategy would also function in dendritic cells, even if the virus doesn’t replicate in dendritic cells. No, because the type I interferon response induced by the virus infection will up-regulate MHC class I expression and override the…arrow_forwardMultiple pathways for regulating complement activation limit the potential damage caused by complement deposition on host cells or caused by the spontaneous activation of complement proteins in the plasma. Genetic deficiencies in these mechanisms often lead to chronic inflammatory diseases, but in some cases can paradoxically lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. This latter outcome may occur because: Complement regulatory proteins have dual functions in inhibiting and promoting complement activation. Uncontrolled complement activation leads to the depletion of serum complement proteins. The inhibition of the membrane attack complex by complement regulatory proteins normally leads to enhanced activation of the early steps of the complement pathway. Complement regulatory proteins normally cause the rapid depletion of plasma complement factors. Uncontrolled complement activation recruits the majority of phagocytic cells, leaving few remaining to fight infections in…arrow_forward
- In vertebrates, complement activation generally involves a pathogen recognition step followed by a proteolytic cascade that produces the effector proteins that function in opsonization, membrane attack, and inflammation. Which of these is likely to be the most evolutionarily primitive aspect of the complement system? Which pathway of complement initiation is likely to be the one that most recently evolved?arrow_forwardIdentify some PAMPs that are recognized by PRRs.Which cells express PRRs? How do PRRs associate withPAMPs to promote innate immunity?arrow_forwardIt is often helpful to draw a complicated pathway in the form of a flow chart to visualize the multiple steps and the ways in which the steps are connected to each other. Draw the antibody-mediated immune response pathway that acts in response to an invading virus.arrow_forward
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