(a)
Interpretation:
The nucleophile, electrophile and the leaving group in the following substitution reaction are to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Substitution reactions are the
Nucleophiles are the electron-rich species that donate an electron pair in the reaction and electrophiles are the electron-deficient and accept an electron pair in the reaction. The leaving group is a part of the molecule that departs or leaves with a pair of electrons in the heterolytic cleavage.
A substitution reaction favors product formation if a weaker base is formed relative to the nucleophile and vice-versa.
(b)
Interpretation:
The nucleophile, electrophile and the leaving group in the following substitution reaction are to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Substitution reactions are the chemical reactions in which an atom, ion or group in one molecule is replaced by the other. These are also known as the single displacement or single substitution reactions.
Nucleophiles are the electron-rich species that donate an electron pair in the reaction and electrophiles are the electron-deficient and accept an electron pair in the reaction. The leaving group is a part of the molecule that departs or leaves with a pair of electrons in the heterolytic cleavage.
A substitution reaction favors product formation if a weaker base is formed relative to the nucleophile and vice-versa.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 27 Solutions
GENERAL CHEMISTRY(LL)-W/MASTERINGCHEM.
- Draw the structure of the major organic product(s) for the following reaction between an acetylenic anion and an alkyl halide. (The reaction stoichiometry is 1:1.)arrow_forwardIn the reaction given below, what type of reaction is used? n-Pentane → Isopentane нннн H ITH Н—С—с—С—с —О —Н Н—с—с— с-с—н ||| | H нн H Addition Elimination Substitution Rearrangementarrow_forwardWhat is the skeletal structure of the alkyl halide that forms the following alkene as its only product in an elimination reaction?arrow_forward
- Define the following terms Homolytic bond breakage: Nucleophilearrow_forwardWhat explains why many aldehydes and ketones can undergo self-condensation reactions in basic conditions? The alpha carbon can lose a proton and act like a nucleophile and the carbonyl carbon is an electrophile. The alpha carbon can gain a proton and act like an electrophile and the carbonyl carbon is a nucleophile. The oxygen of the carbonyl group can attack the carbon of the carbonyl group. Only esters can undergo self-condensation reactions.arrow_forwardWhat explains why many aldehydes and ketones can undergo self- condensation reactions in basic conditions? The alpha carbon can lose a proton and act like a nucleophile and the carbonyl carbon a an electrophile O The alpha carbon can gain a proton and act like an electrophile and the carbonyl carbon is a nucleophile O The oxygen of the carbonyl group can attack the carbon of the carbonyl group Only esters can undergo self-condensation reactionsarrow_forward
- In nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions that proceed by the nucleophilic addition-elimination mechanism, the reaction rate increases as the electronegativity of the halogen leaving group increases: Ar-I < Ar-Br < Ar-CI < Ar-F. Which step does this suggest is the rate-determining step of the mechanism-the addition step or the elimination step? Explain.arrow_forward6. (Chapter 15-Q37) Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic that has a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring. Answer the following questions. Indole 6(a) What is the hybridization of N in this molecule? = 6(b) How many pi electrons N contributes to the ring? = 6() Which orbitals contribute to form a sigma bond between N and H in this molecule? = 6(c) What is the electronic relationship of Indole to naphthalene? Give the answer by comparing number of rings and number of pi electrons in both compounds, write x rings, y pi electrons=|arrow_forwardExplain why pentane-2,4-dione forms two alkylation products (A and B) when the number ofequivalents of base is increased from one to two.arrow_forward
- 1-Octen-3-ol is a potent mosquito attractant commonly used in mosquito traps. A number of reactions, including hydrogenation, will transform 1-octen-3-ol into a less effective molecule. Draw the structure of a hydrogenation product of 1-octen-3-ol.arrow_forwardTrue or False Considering that two carbon chains have equal number of carbons, but one has Fluorine and the other has Iodine, the one with iodine will have a higher boiling point. Mild oxidation of alkenes results to similar product as that of nucleophilic addition of water to aldehydes.arrow_forwardExplain Allylic Carbocations in Biological Reactions ?arrow_forward
- Chemistry: Matter and ChangeChemistryISBN:9780078746376Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl WistromPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub Co