EBK BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS
15th Edition
ISBN: 8220103633352
Author: Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 27.4, Problem 1CR
Q Which Ig chains are used to construct a complete antigen-binding site? Which domains? Which CDRs? Calculate the total number of germ-line-encoded VH and VL domains that can be constructed from the available Ig genes.
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a. What are the number of total chromosomes that carries the genes encoding heavy and light chain polypeptides in a single B cell (in human)?
b. From the total number of chromosomes carrying genes for immunoglobulin peptides from question a, how many encode the heavy and light chains actually expressed by a single B cell?
Match the following terms of B-cell development with the best definition.
Surrogate light chain
Allelic exclusion
Checkpoint 2
Checkpoint 1
Receptor editing
Choose...
Choose...
✓Choose...
expression of only one heavy chain allele and one light chain allele
Presence of completed BCR with mu heavy chain and kappa or lambda light chain
Presence of mu heavy chain and presence of pre-B-cell receptor
VpreB and lambda5 which combine with the heavy chain to form pre-B-cell receptor
Successive rearrangement of light chain genes after negative selection
Suppose that a particular species of vertebrate animal has immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes that include 55 V segments, 21 D segments, and 8 J segments, and has immunoglobulin light-chain genes that include 41 V segments and 6 J segments.
How many different immunoglobulin structures could be produced by mature B-lymphocytes?
(Assume that segments are spliced without any junctional variation or imprecision).
Chapter 27 Solutions
EBK BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS
Ch. 27.1 - Prob. 1MQCh. 27.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 27.1 - Distinguish between clonal deletion and clonal...Ch. 27.1 - QWhy is it necessary that all three defining...Ch. 27.2 - Identify the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of...Ch. 27.2 - Describe an epitope recognized by an antibody, and...Ch. 27.2 - Give an example for each: natural and artificial...Ch. 27.2 - QWhat properties are required for a vaccine to...Ch. 27.3 - Summarize antibody production starting with...Ch. 27.3 - Differentiate among antibody classes using...
Ch. 27.3 - Prob. 3MQCh. 27.3 - QDescribe the structural and functional...Ch. 27.4 - Draw a complete Ig molecule and identify...Ch. 27.4 - Describe antigen binding to the CDR1, 2, and 3...Ch. 27.4 - Describe the recombination events that produce a...Ch. 27.4 - QWhich Ig chains are used to construct a complete...Ch. 27.5 - Identify the cells that display MHC class I and...Ch. 27.5 - Compare the MHC I and MHC II protein structures...Ch. 27.5 - Define the sequence of events for processing and...Ch. 27.5 - QDescribe the basic structure of class I and class...Ch. 27.6 - Define polymorphism and polygeny as they apply to...Ch. 27.6 - How does a single MHC protein present many...Ch. 27.6 - QPolymorphism implies that each different MHC...Ch. 27.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 27.7 - Identify diversity-generating mechanisms unique to...Ch. 27.7 - Describe and compare the structural features of Ig...Ch. 27.7 - QWhat diversity-generating mechanisms function to...Ch. 27.8 - Describe the mechanism used by Tc cells to...Ch. 27.8 - Describe the effector system (the cell-killing...Ch. 27.8 - Compare and contrast the roles and activities of...Ch. 27.8 - QWhat mechanism do Tc cells use to identify and...Ch. 27.9 - Discriminate between immediate hypersensitivity...Ch. 27.9 - Provide examples and mechanisms for an...Ch. 27.9 - QHow do immediate and delayed-type...Ch. 27.10 - Describe the binding site for superantigens on T...Ch. 27.10 - Compare and contrast the immunodeficiency observed...Ch. 27.10 - Prob. 3MQCh. 27.10 - Prob. 1CRCh. 27 - Antibodies of the IgA class are probably more...Ch. 27 - Prob. 2AQCh. 27 - Polymorphism implies that each different MHC...Ch. 27 - What problems would arise if a person had a...
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- Fig. 1. AKAP11 and RIα are degraded by autophagy. (A) Brain lysates of Atg7F/F (Control) and Atg7F/F-SynCre (cKO) were subjected to immunoblottinganalysis with the indicated antibodies. (B) Quantification of protein levels in A. Unpaired Student’s t tests were used, and values are presented as mean ± SEM(n = 3 mice/genotype). **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. (C) Brain lysates of Atg14F/F (Control) and Atg14F/F-SynCre (cKO) were subjected toimmunoblotting analysis with the indicated antibodies. (D) Quantification of protein levels in C. Unpaired Student’s t tests were used, and values are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 4 mice/genotype). **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. (E) Atg7 WT and Atg7 KO MEF cells were nutrient starved by usingEBSS for the indicated times, and cells were assayed by immunoblotting analysis with the indicated antibodies. (F) Quantification of the protein levels from Ewas obtained by normalizing the level of proteins to Actin,…arrow_forwardWhat diversity-generating mechanisms function toproduce the nearly unlimited variety of antigen-specificTCRs? What structural and functional features arecommon to proteins classified within the Ig genesuperfamily?arrow_forwardDescribe examples that explain the molecular mechanismsof epistasis, complementation, gene modifier effects, andgene redundancy.arrow_forward
- Most of the enzymes involved in immunoglobulin gene rearrangement are ubiquitously expressed in all cells of the body. However, the specific recombination events between V, J, and D gene segments that generate antibody diversity occur only in developing B cells. How do RAG-1 and RAG-2 ensure that recombination takes place at antibody gene segments?arrow_forwardIf fetal T cells respond so vigorously against alloantigens in vitro, would they no also respond against noninherited maternal alloantigens expressed by maternal cells that have moved into fetal lymph nodes in utero?arrow_forwardDescribe VDJ recombination in the development of B cell. Include in your description the roles of RSS, RAG-1 and RAG-2 and other essential enzymes.arrow_forward
- Antibody diversity is generated by multiple mechanisms, each of which contributes to the generation of antibodies with up to 1011 different amino acid sequences in their antigen-binding sites. Several of these mechanisms involve changes in the DNA sequences encoding the antibody heavy and light chain proteins. One mechanism that does not rely on changes to the DNA within the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain gene loci is, instead, dependent on: The contributions of amino acids from both the heavy chain and the light chain to form the antigen-binding site The random usage of V, D, and J gene segments to form the heavy chain V region sequence The random usage of k light chains versus l light chains to pair with the heavy chain The activity of TdT to add random nucleotides at the junctions between the V, J, and D region sequences The fact that heavy chain V regions contain an extra gene segment encoded by the D region compared to light chain V regionsarrow_forwardIn the table below, T cell proliferation was measured after 4 days of incubation of T cells, APCs, +/- SEB. If one isolated the T cells at the end of the incubation for the six conditions in which robust proliferation was seen (Rows 2, 3, 5–8), and stained the T cells with each antibody (separately) from a panel of antibodies that recognize each of the mouse Vb domains (i.e., an antibody to Vb1, an antibody to Vb2, etc), what result would be expected?arrow_forwardSurprisingly, humans as well as mice deficient in the complement protein, C3, have greatly reduced antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens, and are impaired in their ability to control HSV infections. When C3-deficient mice are infected with HSV, once at day 0 and then a second time 4 weeks later, their antibody response is altered compared to wild-type mice, as shown in the figure #3 below. a) What is a likely explanation for the altered antibody response in the absence of complement C3? For fugure #4: For this experiment, mice are infected with varying doses of the HSV-rd virus, and peak IgG responses to the viral surface glycoproteins are measured. The results are shown in the fugure #4. b) What is the most likely explanation for these data? Do these results impact your answer to the part above (a)? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forward
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