Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134604718
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Darrell Killian
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 3, Problem 1PDQ
HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on the Mendelian postulates, probability, and pedigree analysis. We also considered some of the methods and reasoning by which these ideas, concepts, and techniques were developed. On the basis of these discussions, what answers would you propose to the following questions:
- (a) How was Mendel able to derive postulates concerning the behavior of “unit factors” during gamete formation, when he could not directly observe them?
- (b) How do we know whether an organism expressing a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous?
- (c) In analyzing genetic data, how do we know whether deviation from the expected ratio is due to chance rather than to another, independent factor?
- (d) Since experimental crosses are not performed in humans, how do we know how traits are inherited?
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Chapter 3 Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
Ch. 3 - Pigeons may exhibit a checkered or plain color...Ch. 3 - Considering the Mendelian traits round versus...Ch. 3 - Using the forked-line, or branch diagram, method,...Ch. 3 - In one of Mendels dihybrid crosses, he observed...Ch. 3 - The following pedigree is for myopia...Ch. 3 - If they seek genetic counseling, what issues would...Ch. 3 - If you were in Thomass position, would you want to...Ch. 3 - If Thomas tests positive for the HD allele, should...Ch. 3 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on the...Ch. 3 - CONCEPT QUESTION Review the Chapter Concepts list...
Ch. 3 - Albinism in humans is inherited as a simple...Ch. 3 - Which of Mendels postulates are illustrated by the...Ch. 3 - Discuss how Mendels monohybrid results served as...Ch. 3 - What advantages were provided by Mendels choice of...Ch. 3 - Mendel crossed peas having round seeds and yellow...Ch. 3 - Based on the preceding cross, what is the...Ch. 3 - Which of Mendels postulates can only be...Ch. 3 - In a cross between a black and a white guinea pig,...Ch. 3 - What is the basis for homology among chromosomes?Ch. 3 - In Drosophila, gray body color is dominant to...Ch. 3 - How many different types of gametes can be formed...Ch. 3 - Mendel crossed peas having green seeds with peas...Ch. 3 - In a study of black guinea pigs and white guinea...Ch. 3 - Mendel crossed peas having round green seeds with...Ch. 3 - Prob. 17PDQCh. 3 - The following are F2 results of two of Mendels...Ch. 3 - In assessing data that fell into two phenotypic...Ch. 3 - Prob. 20PDQCh. 3 - Consider the following pedigree. Predict the mode...Ch. 3 - Draw all possible conclusions concerning the mode...Ch. 3 - For decades scientists have been perplexed by...Ch. 3 - A wrongful birth case was recently brought before...Ch. 3 - TaySachs disease (TSD) is an inborn error of...Ch. 3 - Datura stramonium (the Jimsonweed) expresses...Ch. 3 - The wild-type (normal) fruit fly, Drosophila...Ch. 3 - To assess Mendels law of segregation using...Ch. 3 - Albinism, caused by a mutational disruption in...Ch. 3 - (a) Assuming that Migaloos albinism is caused by a...
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- Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you decide to have a child if the test results said that you carry the mutation for breast and ovarian cancer? The heart disease mutation? The TSD mutation? The heart disease and the mutant alleles?arrow_forwardPedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you want to know the results of the cancer, heart disease, and TSD tests if you were Sarah and Adam? Is it their responsibility as potential parents to gather this type of information before they decide to have a child?arrow_forwardPedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. If Sarah carries the mutant cancer allele and Adam carries the mutant heart disease allele, what is the chance that they would have a child who is free of both diseases? Are these good odds?arrow_forward
- . Which part of the pedigree in Figure 2-23 in your opinion best demonstrates Mendel’s first law?arrow_forwardHow was Mendel able to derive postulates concerning the behavior of “unit factors” during gamete formation, when he could not directly observe them?arrow_forwardIn Mendel’s 1866 publication as shown in Figure 1-4, he reports 705 purple-flowered (violet) offspring and 224 white-flowered offspring. The ratio he obtained is 3.15:1 for purple: white. How do you think he explained the fact that the ratio is not exactly 3:1?arrow_forward
- shown are the F2 results of two Mendel's monohybrid crosses. Mendel crossed 2 heterozygote parents. If he were to expect segregation to happen normally, do the results match his expectations? state a null hypothesis that you will test using chi-square analysis. Calculate the chi-square value and determine the p value for both crosses a. Full pods: 882; constricted pods: 299 (full pods are dominant over constricted) b. violet flowers: 705; white flowers: 500 (violet dominant over white)arrow_forwardMendel describes subjecting each of the 34 varieties of peas he obtained to a two-year trial. During this time he let the plants self-fertilize and observed their offspring. What was he looking for, and what was the purpose of doing this two-year trial? Explain what Mendel means when he writes that the 3:1 ratio observed in the first generation from the hybrids "resolves itself" into a ratio of 2:1:1arrow_forwardWhat could be the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for a typical mendelian trait showed in the picture?arrow_forward
- In Mendel’s 1866 publication as shown in Figure 1-4,he reports 705 purple-flowered (violet) offspring and224 white-flowered offspring. The ratio he obtained is3.15:1 for purple: white. How do you think he explainedthe fact that the ratio is not exactly 3:1?arrow_forwardHow can you relate the two principles of Mendel to Chi-Square Values?arrow_forward. In Figure 2-17, how does the 3:1 ratio in the bottom-lefthand grid differ from the 3:1 ratios obtained by Mendel?arrow_forward
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