Principles of Modern Chemistry
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305079113
Author: David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. Butler
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 3, Problem 50P
White phosphorus
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Chapter 3 Solutions
Principles of Modern Chemistry
Ch. 3 - Before the element scandium was discovered in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 2PCh. 3 - Prob. 3PCh. 3 - Prob. 4PCh. 3 - Prob. 5PCh. 3 - A gold nucleus is located at the origin of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 7PCh. 3 - A gold nucleus is located at the origin of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 9PCh. 3 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 3 - Use the data in Table 3.1 to plot the logarithm of...Ch. 3 - Use the data in Table 3.1 to plot the logarithm of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 13PCh. 3 - Prob. 14PCh. 3 - Prob. 15PCh. 3 - Prob. 16PCh. 3 - Prob. 17PCh. 3 - Prob. 18PCh. 3 - HF has equilibrium bond length of 0.926 A and bond...Ch. 3 - Prob. 20PCh. 3 - For each of the following atoms or ions, state the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 22PCh. 3 - Use the data in Figure 3.11 and Table 3.2 to...Ch. 3 - Use the data in Figure 3.11 and Table 3.2 to...Ch. 3 - Prob. 25PCh. 3 - In a gaseous RbF molecule, the bond length is...Ch. 3 - The bond lengths of the XH bonds in NH3,PH3 , and...Ch. 3 - Arrange the following covalent diatomic molecules...Ch. 3 - The bond length in HI(1.62) is close to the sum of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 30PCh. 3 - Use electronegativity values to arrange the...Ch. 3 - Use electronegativity values to rank the bonds in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 33PCh. 3 - Prob. 34PCh. 3 - Prob. 35PCh. 3 - Estimate the percent ionic character of the bond...Ch. 3 - The percent ionic character of a bond can be...Ch. 3 - The percent ionic character of the bonds in...Ch. 3 - Assign formal charges to all atoms in the...Ch. 3 - Assign formal charges to all atoms in the...Ch. 3 - Determine the formal charges on all the atoms in...Ch. 3 - the formal charges on all the atoms in the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 43PCh. 3 - In each of the following Lewis diagrams, Z...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis electron dot diagrams for the following...Ch. 3 - Prob. 46PCh. 3 - Prob. 47PCh. 3 - Acetic acid is the active ingredient of vinegar....Ch. 3 - Under certain conditions, the stable form of...Ch. 3 - White phosphorus (P4) consists of four phosphorus...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis electron dot diagrams for the following...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis electron dot diagrams for the following...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis diagrams for the two resonance forms of...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis diagrams for the three resonance forms...Ch. 3 - Methyl isocyanate, which was involved in the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 56PCh. 3 - Draw Lewis diagrams for the following compounds....Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis diagrams for the following ions. In the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 59PCh. 3 - Prob. 60PCh. 3 - For each of the following molecules or molecular...Ch. 3 - For each of the following molecules or molecular...Ch. 3 - Give an example of a molecule or ion having a...Ch. 3 - Give an example of a molecule or ion having a...Ch. 3 - For each of the answers in Problem 59, state...Ch. 3 - For each of the answers in Problem 60, state...Ch. 3 - Prob. 67PCh. 3 - Mixing SbCl3 and GaCl3 in a 1:1 molar ratio (using...Ch. 3 - (a) Use the VSEPR theory to predict the structure...Ch. 3 - Ozone (O3) has a nonzero dipole moment. In the...Ch. 3 - Assign oxidation numbers to the atoms in each of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 72PCh. 3 - Prob. 73PCh. 3 - Prob. 74PCh. 3 - Prob. 75PCh. 3 - Prob. 76PCh. 3 - Prob. 77PCh. 3 - Prob. 78PCh. 3 - Prob. 79PCh. 3 - Prob. 80PCh. 3 - Prob. 81PCh. 3 - Prob. 82PCh. 3 - Prob. 83PCh. 3 - Prob. 84PCh. 3 - Prob. 85APCh. 3 - Prob. 86APCh. 3 - At large interatomic separations, an alkali halide...Ch. 3 - Prob. 88APCh. 3 - Prob. 89APCh. 3 - Two possible Lewis diagrams for sulfine (H2CSO)...Ch. 3 - There is persuasive evidence for the brief...Ch. 3 - The compound SF3N has been synthesized. (a) Draw...Ch. 3 - Prob. 93APCh. 3 - The molecular ion S3N3 has the cyclic structure ...Ch. 3 - Prob. 95APCh. 3 - Prob. 96APCh. 3 - Prob. 97APCh. 3 - Prob. 98APCh. 3 - A stable triatomic molecule can be formed that...Ch. 3 - The gaseous potassium chloride molecule has a...Ch. 3 - (a) Predict the geometry of the SbCl52 ion, using...Ch. 3 - Prob. 102APCh. 3 - Predict the arrangement of the atoms about the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 104APCh. 3 - Prob. 105APCh. 3 - Prob. 106APCh. 3 - Prob. 107APCh. 3 - Prob. 108APCh. 3 - (a) Determine the oxidation number of lead in each...Ch. 3 - Prob. 110APCh. 3 - Prob. 111CPCh. 3 - Prob. 112CPCh. 3 - A compound is being tested for use as a rocket...Ch. 3 - Prob. 114CP
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- Nitrosyl azide, N4O, is a pale yellow solid first synthesized in 1993. Write the Lewis structure for nitrosyl azide.arrow_forwardExplain why nonmetal atoms in Period 3 and beyond can accommodate greater than an octet of electrons and those in Period 2 cannot do so.arrow_forwardThe most common exceptions to the octet rule are compounds or ions with central atoms having more than eight electrons around them. PF5, SF4, CIF3, and Br3 are examples of this type of exception. Draw the Lewis structure for these compounds or ions. Which elements, when they have to, can have more than eight electrons around them? How is this rationalized?arrow_forward
- For elements in Groups 4A-7A of the periodic table, give the number of bonds an element is expected to form (in an uncharged molecule) if it obeys the octet rule.arrow_forwardChloromethane has the Lewis structure _______________________________ The carbon atom is sharing 4 electron pairs. In each shared pair the carbon atom “owns” 1 electron. The number of electrons that “belong” to carbon is ___. Carbon, being a Group ___ element would have 4 , outer shell electrons in the unbonded, neutral state. Therefore, the carbon atom in chloromethane has a formal charge of zero.arrow_forwardBond Enthalpy When atoms of the hypothetical element X are placed together, they rapidly undergo reaction to form the X2 molecule: X(g)+X(g)X2(g) a Would you predict that this reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Explain. b Is the bond enthalpy of X2 a positive or a negative quantity? Why? c Suppose H for the reaction is 500 kJ/mol. Estimate the bond enthalpy of the X2 molecule. d Another hypothetical molecular compound, Y2(g), has a bond enthalpy of 750 kJ/mol, and the molecular compound XY(g) has a bond enthalpy of 1500 kJ/mol. Using bond enthalpy information, calculate H for the following reaction. X2(g)+Y2(g)2XY(g) e Given the following information, as well as the information previously presented, predict whether or not the hypothetical ionic compound AX is likely to form. In this compound, A forms the A+ cation, and X forms the X anion. Be sure to justify your answer. Reaction: A(g)+12X2(g)AX(s)The first ionization energy of A(g) is 400 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of X(g) is 525 kJ/mol. The lattice energy of AX(s) is 100 kJ/mol. f If you predicted that no ionic compound would form from the reaction in Part e, what minimum amount of AX(s) lattice energy might lead to compound formation?arrow_forward
- The molecules BF3, CF4, CO2, PF5, and SF6 are all nonpolar, even though they all contain polar bonds. Why?arrow_forwardhy do atoms form bonds with one another? What can make a molecule favored compared with the lone atoms?arrow_forwardPredict die molecular structure and bond angles for each molecule or ion in Exercises 88 and 94. a. POCl3, SO42, XeO4, PO43, ClO4 b. NF3, SO32, PO33, ClO3 c.ClO2, SCl2, PCl2 d. Considering your answers to parts a, b, and c. what conclusions can you draw concerning the structures of species containing the same number of atoms and the same number of valence electrons? (O3), sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide.arrow_forward
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