The data set in Table 3.12 is based on 214 children with acute otitis media (otitis media with effusion, or OME) who participated in a randomized clinical trial [13], Each child had OME at the beginning of the study in either one (unilateral cases) or both (bilateral cases) ears and was randomly assigned to receive a 14-day course of one of two antibiotics, either cefaclor (CEF) or amoxicillin (AMO). The data here concern the 203 children whose middle-ear status was determined during a 14-day follow-up visit. The data in Table 3.12 are presented in data set EAR.DAT (at www .cengagebrain.com).
While controlling for age, propose an analysis com- paring the effectiveness of the two antibiotics. Express your results in terms of RR.
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Chapter 3 Solutions
EBK FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOSTATISTICS
- What is an experiment?arrow_forwardList the sample space of each experiment. Tossing three coinsarrow_forwardA recent study 41 compared 298 children with autism spectrum disorder to 1507 randomly selected control children without the disorder. Of the children with autism 20 of the mothers and used antidepressants drugs during the year before pregnancy or the first trimester of pregnancy. Of the control children, 50 of the mothers had used the drugs.a. is there a significant association between prenatal exposure to antidepressants medicine and the risk of autism?. Test whether tge results are significant at the 5%level. b.can we conclude that prenatal exposure antidepressants medicine increases the risk of autism in the child? why or why not? c. the article describing the study contains the sentence " No increase in risk was found for mothers with a history of mental health treatment in the absence of prenatal Exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [antidepressants]. why did the researchers conduct this extra analysisarrow_forward
- Does Aspirin Prevent Heart Disease? In a trial designed to test the effectiveness of aspirin in preventing heart disease, 11,037 male physicians were treated with aspirin and 11,034 male physicians were given placebos. Among the subjects in the aspirin treatment group, 139 experienced myocardial infarctions (heart attacks). Among the subjects given placebos, 239 experienced myocardial infarctions (based on data from “Final Report on the Aspirin Component of the Ongoing Physicians’ Health Study,” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 321: 129–135). Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that aspirin has no effect on myocardial infarctions. a. Test the claim using a hypothesis test. b. Test the claim by constructing an appropriate confidence interval. c. Based on the results, does aspirin appear to be effective?arrow_forwardThe paper "Breast MRI as an Adjunct to Mammography for Breast Cancer Screening in High-Risk Patients" describes a study that investigated the usefulness of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to diagnose breast cancer. MRI exams from 650 women were reviewed. Of the 650 women, 13 had breast cancer, and the MRI exam detected breast cancer in 12 of these women. Of the 637 women who did not have breast cancer, the MRI correctly identified that no cancer was present for 547 of them. The accompanying table summarizes this information. Breast CancerPresent Breast CancerNot Present Total MRI IndicatedBreast Cancer 12 90 102 MRI Did NotIndicate Breast Cancer 1 547 548 Total 13 637 650 Suppose that an MRI exam is used to decide between the two hypotheses. H0: A woman does not have breast cancer. Ha: A woman has breast cancer. (Although these are not hypotheses about a population characteristic, this exercise illustrates the definitions of Type I and Type II errors.) a. One…arrow_forwardThe paper "Breast MRI as an Adjunct to Mammography for Breast Cancer Screening in High-Risk Patients" describes a study that investigated the usefulness of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to diagnose breast cancer. MRI exams from 650 women were reviewed. Of the 650 women, 13 had breast cancer, and the MRI exam detected breast cancer in 12 of these women. Of the 637 women who did not have breast cancer, the MRI correctly identified that no cancer was present for 547 of them. The accompanying table summarizes this information. † Breast CancerPresent Breast CancerNot Present Total MRI IndicatedBreast Cancer 12 90 102 MRI Did NotIndicate Breast Cancer 1 547 548 Total 13 637 650 a. Use the information in the table to approximate the probability of this type of error. (Hint: See Example 10.8. Enter your probability as a decimal) b. Use the information in the table to approximate the probability of this type of error. (Enter your probability as a decimal )arrow_forward
- A cross-sectional study of 1,900 participants looked at the association between Normal Course Load (12-15 credit hours (CH)) and Anxiety among upperclassmen college students (Junior & Senior). The study included 1,000 students with a High Course Load. This study also discovered a total of 850 cases of Anxiety. Of those with a Normal course load 12% were diagnosed with anxiety like symptoms by a school psychologist. Course Load High (16-19 CH) Normal (12-15 CH) Total 850 Yes Anxiety 1050 No 1000 900 1900 Total Fill in every blank cell in the table. You will report them as "fill in the blanks" below based on the labels in the table.arrow_forwardTo determine whether acupuncture relieves migraine pain, researchers conducted a randomized controlled study where 178 patients diagnosed with migraine headaches were randomly assigned to one of two groups: treatment or control. 64 patients in the treatment group received acupuncture that is specifically designed to treat migraines. 114 patients in the control group received placebo acupuncture (needle insertion at non-acupoint locations). 24 hours after patients received acupuncture, they were asked if they were pain free. Results are summarized in the table below. Test to see if migraine pain relief is dependent on receiving acupuncture. Use a = 0.05. Pain Free: Yes Pain Free: No Total Treatment Control Total 18 7 25 46 107 153 a) What is the correct null hypothesis? O Ho: P1 P2 = P3 = P4 O Ho: Migraine pain relief is independent on receiving acupuncture. O Ho: Migraine pain relief is dependent on receiving acupuncture. ○ Ho: P1 P2 P3 P4 b) Fill in the expected frequency, round…arrow_forwardIn the last 10 years, the prevalence of peanut allergies has doubled in Western countries. Is consumption or avoidance of peanuts in infants related to the development of peanut allergies in infants at risk? Subjects included infants between 4 and 11 months with severe eczema, an egg allergy, or both, but who did not display a preexisting sensitivity to peanuts based on a skin-prick test. The infants were randomly assigned to either a treatment that avoided consuming peanut protein or a treatment in which at least 6 grams of peanut protein were consumed per week. The response was the presence or absence of a peanut allergy at 60 months of age. In the avoidance group containing 263 infants, 36 had developed a peanut allergy at 60 months of age, while in the consumption group containing 266 infants, 5 had developed a peanut allergy. (a) Despite the large sample sizes in both treatments, why should we not use the large-sample confidence interval for these data? O None of the selections…arrow_forward
- In a study made on the value of proctoscopy in diarrheal disorders of infancy, 82 randomly selected patients admitted to the University of Santo Tomas Hospital from May 1983 to July 1983 were studied. Of the 82 patients, 65 were cases of diarrhea and the remaining 17 patients served as the control. The diarrhea group had been classified into infectious and non-infectious based on the results of the bacteriologic and viral studies on fecal samples. The infectious group was further subdivided into toxigenic and tissue-invasive according to the etiologic agent isolated. All of the patients underwent improvised proctoscopy and the appearance of the rectal mucosa was noted. In the control group, 16 (94.1%) had pink rectal mucosa and only 1 (5.8%) was noted to have erythematous mucosa. Of the 9 patients belonging to the tissue-invasive subgroup, 8 (88.8%) had erythema and bleeding of the mucosa, while 1 (11%) had only erythema. In contrast, those in toxigenic diarrhea subgroup showed…arrow_forwardIn clinical trials of Nasonex, 3774 adult and adolescent allergy patients were randomly divided into two groups.The patients in group 1 received 200?g of Nasonex, while the patients in group 2 received a placebo. Of the 2103patients in the experimental group, 547 reported headaches as a side effect. Of the 1671 patients in the controlgroup, 368 reported headaches as a side effect. Is there significant evidence to conclude that the proportion ofNasonex users who experienced headaches as a side effect is greater than the proportion in the control group atthe ? = 0.05 level of significance?a.) Verify that the requirements for inference about two population proportions is satisfied.b.) What is the Null and Alternative Hypotheses? What test will you be using?c.) What is the level of significance and the ?-value?arrow_forwardA data set from a study that examined the effect of a specific diet on blood pressure is provided . Participants (n = 72) were randomly assigned either to a group that was put on the diet (Diet = Present) or to a group that was not put on the diet (Diet = Absent), and researchers wanted to know whether the diet had a significant impact on blood pressure. Fully interpret the results in the context of this study (i.e., report the conclusions as related to the research question).arrow_forward
- Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...AlgebraISBN:9780547587776Author:HOLT MCDOUGALPublisher:HOLT MCDOUGALCollege Algebra (MindTap Course List)AlgebraISBN:9781305652231Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff HughesPublisher:Cengage Learning