Biological Science (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780134678320
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Greg Podgorski, Emily Taylor, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 40, Problem 6TYU
Summary Introduction
To review:
The role of the high density of mitochondria in the function of chloride cells, and whether it is expected to have a large number of mitochondria in other epithelial cells.
Introduction:
Mitochondria are the cell organelles present in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cells. Their function is to produce the ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell. This ATP is utilized by the cell to perform various
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Cells transporting substances across their membranes is essential. Choose TWO of the following types of cellular transport.
๏osmosis ๏active transport ๏facilitated diffusion ๏endocytosis / exocytosis
(a)For each type of transport you choose, describe the transport process. Explain how the organization of cell membrane plays a role the movement of specific molecules across membrane.
(b)Using the same transport types, identify a specific cell that utilizes that type of transit (i.e. one cell for each transport type, or two different cell examples), and detail a substance that is transferred.
(c)A typical human lymphocyte has a radius of about 10 μm, while a typical bacterium (e.g., S. pneumoniae) has a radius of about 1 μm. Assuming that both cell types are perfectly spherical, compare and contrastthe transport mechanisms for each of these cells.
Name the three classes of membrane transport proteins. Explain which one or ones of these classes is able to move glucose and which can move bicarbonate (HCO3 −) against an electrochemical gradient. In the case of bicarbonate, but not glucose, the ΔG of the transport process has two terms.What are these two terms, and why does the second not apply to glucose? Why are cotransporters often referred to as examples of secondary active transport?
The salt concentration in the cytosol of body cells of seawater fish is lower than it is in their
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seawater fish continuously ingest water and rely on membrane-bound proteins on their
gills for the removal of salt ions back to the environment.
Which of the following describes the most likely mechanism of membrane transport used
by seawater fish to remove the salt ions?
A
B
с
D
exocytosis
simple diffusion
active transport
facilitated diffusion
Chapter 40 Solutions
Biological Science (7th Edition)
Ch. 40 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 40 - 3. What effect does antidiuretic hormone (ADH)...Ch. 40 - Fill in the blank: In Gila monsters, the organ in...Ch. 40 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 40 - 8. Scientists have noted that marine invertebrates...Ch. 40 - Prob. 9TYPSSCh. 40 - Prob. 10TYPSSCh. 40 - Prob. 11PIAT
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- Glucose transport across cell membranes varies depending upon blood glucose levels. When glucose levels are high, glucose transport is accomplished via membrane transporters. When glucose concentrations are low, the transport of glucose across the membrane is dependent upon the sodium ion concentration. What types of transport is observed for glucose? A)simple diffusion at high [glucose], secondary active transport at low [glucose] B)facilitated diffusion at high [glucose], secondary active transport at low [glucose] C)simple diffusion at high [glucose], primary active transport at low [glucose] D)facilitated diffusion at high [glucose], primary active transport at low [glucose]arrow_forwardParamecium caudatum lives in a hypotonic solution. Excess water is removed from the cell via structures called contractile vacuoles. Given what you know about vacuoles (refer to Table 3.3, p. 68) and what you know about cells able to contract, suggest the type of transport that occurs when water is moved out of Paramecium.arrow_forwardUniporters and ion channels support facilitated transport across cellular membranes. Although both are examples of facilitated transport, the rates of ion movement via an ion channel are roughly 104- to 105-fold faster than the rates of molecule movement via a uniporter. What key mechanistic difference results in this large difference in transport rate? What contribution to free energy (ΔG) determines the direction of transport?arrow_forward
- 1) You are studying a transport protein. It appears to bind temporarily to the molecule to be transported. During normal transport, no energy is expended. The addition of a particular molecule that closely resembles the normally transported molecule inhibits transport. An increase in the concentration of the normally transported molecule in the presence of a constant concentration of the inhibitor increases the rate of transport. What kind of transport is described? 2) What are peripheral membrane proteins?arrow_forwardDescribe ONE modification that could happen to the phospholipids in a membrane that would increase the permeability of the membrane to small non-polar molecules such as oxygen gas. Explain why this modification would increase membrane permeability.arrow_forwardDistinguish between simple diffusion (SD), facilitated diffusion (FD), and active transport (AT) across a membrane for the following questions. (a) Which processes are energy dependent? (b) Which processes need some kind of carrier protein(s)? (c) Which processes can be saturated by substrate? (d) Which processes can establish a concentration gradient? (e) How much energy does it take to transport an uncharged substrate in, if its starting inside concentration is 10-fold greater than outside?arrow_forward
- A migrating fish would be rapidly transferring substances across cell membranes. These substances would include sodium, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and steroids. Which of those would be most likely to be moved via active transport? Why? What is a transmembrane gradient? What is an electrochemical gradient?arrow_forwardFor each type of membrane transport, know the following:– Is a transporter protein required? If so, what type?– Is there an energy requirement, and if so, what is the energy source?– What is the relative rate of solute transport based on molecule type? On concentration gradient?– What are examples of the types of solutes transported by carriers and channels?arrow_forwardIn Chapters 11 & 12, the following examples of membrane transport proteins are given. Fill out the table with the correct answer for that particular transport protein. Type of transport protein (channel or carrier/transporter?) K* leak channel glucose transporter bacteriorhodopsin Na-K pump glucose-Na symport Na-H exchanger Performs active or passive transport? Energy source for movement of solute(s) or ion(s) Direction of movement of solute(s) or ion(s) with respect to the electrochemical gradient Na K* Na glucose Na H' Direction of movement of solute(s) or ion(s) with respect to the membrane crossed Na K₁ Na' glucose Na H' Is the protein a uniport, symport, antiport, or none of the above?arrow_forward
- Uniporters and ion channels support facilitated transport across cellular membranes. Although both are examples of facilitated transport, the rates of ion movement via an ion channel are roughly 104 - to 105 -fold faster than the rates of molecule movement via a uniporter. What key mechanisticdifference results in this large difference in transport rate?What contribution to free energy (ΔG) determines the direction of transport?arrow_forwardLiver cells are in contact with the blood and exchange a variety of substances with the blood plasma (the noncellular part of blood). The concentration of water is equal in the cytoplasm of liver cells and in the blood plasma. Explain this observation in terms of membrane permeability and transport mechanisms. Animal cells typically maintain a higher concentration of Na+ outside the cell and a higher concentration of K+ inside the cell via the Na+-K+ pump. The drug ouabain inhibits the activity of the Na+-K+ pump. A nerve cell is incubated in ouabain. Predict what will happen to the concentrations of Na+ and K+ inside and outside the nerve cell as a result.arrow_forwardHow is active transport different from simple diffusion? Both active transport and simple diffusion transport molecules against the concentration gradient. In active transport, molecules are moved down the concentration gradient; on the B contrary, molecules to be transported in simple diffusion are moved against the concentration gradient. In active transport, molecules are transported with the aid of transport proteins; on the © other hand, molecules to be transported in simple diffusion do not need transport proteins. In active transport, molecules that are transported does not need metabolic energy; in contrast, molecules transported in simple diffusion need metabolic energy.arrow_forward
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