Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 41.2, Problem 1TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Hemorrhage is the loss of blood from a damaged blood vessel. It may decrease oxygen and nutrient delivery to the cells. Blood volume and blood pressure are closely related and directly proportional to each other. Stroke volume is the difference between diastolic and systolic pressures. It is the volume ejected with each heart beat. Its normal range is between 50-100 ml.
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Consider the equation
cardiac output (CO) = stroke volume (SV) X heart rate
Which of the following changes would increase cardiac output?
Group of answer choices
An increase in afterload
An increase in EDV
A decrease in ventricle contractility
An increase in parasympathetic system stimulation of the SA node
Sue goes to the gym and after an initial warm-up, she increases her exercise level pushing herself to maximum. At this point her heart rate is 175 beats/min and her stroke volume is 135 ml/beat. What is her cardiac output now?
At this point, by how many ml/min has her CO increased over her resting CO?
What % increase over resting is this? (Use the following equation).
amount of increase in CO in ml/min
% increase = _____________ X 100%
original CO (resting) ml/min
What term is used to describe this increase in CO?
Estimate the volume of a human heart (in mL) using the following measurements/assumptions:
Blood flow through the aorta is approximately 16.8 cm/s.
The diameter of the aorta is approximately 3.0 cm.
Assume the heart pumps its own volume with each beat.
Assume a pulse rate of 90 beats per minute.
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- What is the cardiac output of a heart when the heartbeat rate is 60 beat.min-1, the diastolic pressure in the aorta is 80 mm Hg, and the stroke volume is 80 mL.beat-1? A. 4,800 mm Hg.min-1 B. 6,400 mL.mm Hg-1 C. 4,800 mL.min-1 D. 1.33 mL.beat-1 E. 0.75 mL.min-1arrow_forwardThere are three major factors that affect stroke volume and therefore affect cardiac output: afterload, preload, and contractility. Select two of these factors and explain how and why each affects cardiac output.arrow_forwardBlood pressure is usually given as the ratio of the maximum pressure (systolic pressure) to the minimum pressure (diastolic pressure). For example a typical value for this ratio for a human would be 120/70, where the pressures are in mm Hg (millimeters of mercury, SG = 13.6). What would these pressures be in kPa (kilo Pascals)?: (a) systolic pressure (kPa), (b) diastolic pressure (kPa).arrow_forward
- What two values are needed in order to calculate cardiac output (CO) for a ventricle? a. end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) b. stroke volume (SV) and blood pressure (BP) c. stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR) d. heart rate (HR) and end-diastolic volume (EDarrow_forwardBased on the results shown in Figure 3, was there a significant difference in mean change of heart rate before and after exercise? Base your discussion of these results on what you know about the effects of exercise on the cardiac cycle and stroke volumearrow_forwardWhich of the following volumes should be the greatest? end-diastolic volume (EDV) stroke volume (SV) end-systolic volume (ESV) cardiac output (CO)arrow_forward
- The below graph shows changes in several cardiovascular parameters as the result of increased intensity of exercise in a population of untrained individuals. What commonly measured cardiovascular parameters might the curves labeled A, B, and C represent? What are the corresponding units for the y-axis of each measure? For your reference, the two labeled curves represent the Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP) and the Central Venous Pressure (CVP), both of which are measured in mmHg.arrow_forwardFactors affecting Cardiac Output Explain how the following factors affect HR, SV and CO. Write the letter of your answerarrow_forwardImagine that you are feeling very anxious as you walk to the podium to deliver a speech. If your heart rate increases to 100 beats per minute and your stroke volume is 100 mL per stroke, what is your cardiac output?arrow_forward
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