Computer Systems: Program... -Access
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134071923
Author: Bryant
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 4.5, Problem 4.34PP
Program Plan Intro
Processing stages:
- The processing of an instruction has number of operations.
- The operations are organized into particular sequence of stages.
- It attempts to follow a uniform sequence for all instructions.
- The description of stages are shown below:
- Fetch:
- It uses program counter “PC” as memory address to read instruction bytes from memory.
- The 4-bit portions “icode” and “ifun” of specifier byte is extracted from instruction.
- It fetches “valC” that denotes an 8-byte constant.
- It computes “valP” that denotes value of “PC” plus length of fetched instruction.
- Decode:
- The register file is been read with two operands.
- It gives values “valA” and “valB” for operands.
- It reads registers with instruction fields “rA” and “rB”.
- Execute:
- In this stage the ALU either performs required operation or increments and decrements stack pointer.
- The resulting value is termed as “valE”.
- The condition codes are evaluated and destination register is updated based on condition.
- It determines whether branch should be taken or not in a jump instruction.
- Memory:
- The data is been written to memory or read from memory in this stage.
- The value that is read is determined as “valM”.
- Write back:
- The results are been written to register file.
- It can write up to two results.
- PC update:
- The program counter “PC” denotes memory address to read bytes of instruction from memory.
- It is used to set next instruction’s address.
- Fetch:
Combinational circuits and HCL expressions:
- The computational blocks are been constructed by accumulating several logic gates into network.
- The restrictions are been shown below:
- Each of input for logic gate should be connected to any one shown below:
- One of system inputs, that is recognized as primary inputs.
- Output connection for some element in memory.
- Output of some logic gate.
- Outputs obtained from more than two logic gates could not be linked together.
- The wire would be driven to different voltages.
- It can cause malfunction in circuit.
- The network should not have cycles.
- The loops in circuit can cause ambiguity in function
computed by network.
- The loops in circuit can cause ambiguity in function
- Each of input for logic gate should be connected to any one shown below:
- The “HCL” denotes a hardware control language that is used for describing control logic of different processor designs.
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