Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 45.2, Problem 3R
Summary Introduction
To review:
An evolutionary explanation to the fact that bitter tastes threshold concentrations are lower than the concentration threshold of salt or sweet tastes.
Introduction:
The gustatory receptors are able to detect the different types of tastes on the tongue. However, every taste receptor has a threshold concentration (concentration at which the taste can be detected and discriminated from water) above, which the quality (whether the taste is bitter, sweet or sour) of the taste is identified. The bitter tastes are identified early due to lower threshold concentrations while salty and sweet tastes have a higher threshold concentration.
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- Compare the mechanisms of the receptor molecules for salty and sour taste; the taste-receptor molecules for sweetness, bitterness, and umami; and odor-receptor molecules (Indicate if a given sense uses a GPCR, an ion channel etc and how the downstream signal might be different). Drawing is good for this type of question.arrow_forwardIn humans, the five principal kinds of taste sensations are_______,_______ , _______ ,______, and_____ . Molecules that leave the food and enter the air inside the mouth are detected by the sense of______ , which plays a major role in the brain’s perception of taste.arrow_forwardThere are only five distinct basic tastes, but thousands of different odors. Demonstrate your understanding of the olfactory system by making a reasonable hypothesis that explains how a vast number of chemical odorants can be recognized?arrow_forward
- We compared the speed of transduction of the taste of sour vs either sweet or bitter, depending on what you tasted. Match the taste modality to the most likely transduction mechanism: Ion channel or second messenger system based on what is known. Salty is left out because there is not enough known about it. Sour Bitter Sweet Umamiarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is true? a. Specific taste buds are located in each area of the tongue thus, can only determine a specific taste.b. The middle tongue contains taste buds which can only determine salty taste.c. The taste buds can determine all taste, but are located in different areas and different quantities on thetongue.d. Taste buds contain gustatory cells specific for a certain taste.arrow_forwardA patient has had a stroke that damaged the trigeminal nerve but not the facial, glossopharyngeal, or vagus nerve. Would this individual still be able to taste the differenceWould this individual still be able to taste the difference between hot peppers and French fries? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
- Connoisseurs can recognize many varieties of cheese or wine by “tasting.” How can they do so when there are only a few types of taste receptors?arrow_forwardDescribe the functioning of taste buds.arrow_forwardDo gustatory taste cells have BOTH chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors? The chemoreceptors are responsible for receiving the signals that the saliva molecules send via action potentials, but there are also hair cells attached to the taste cells that detect movement?arrow_forward
- Many odorant molecules are highly hydrophobic and concentrate within the olfactory epithelium. They would give a persistent signal independent of their concentration in the environment if they were not rapidly modified. Propose a mechanism for converting hydrophobic odorants into watersoluble derivatives that can be rapidly eliminated.arrow_forwardDiscuss the location and activation of olfactory receptors and how the brain distinguishes tens of thousands of odours from 1,000 or fewer receptor proteins.arrow_forwardSummarize an experiment that could be done to test the hypothesis that perception of taste is due to activation of specific taste cells and independent of any chemical tastants. Be sure to indicate what experimental results would support this hypothesis.arrow_forward
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