Chapter 5, Problem 5.46SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization for the carbon atom in ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{C}=\text{O}$ has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Hybridization:

• It is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.
• Geometry of a molecule can be predicted by knowing its hybridization.
• ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and three p-orbital.
• ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization between one s-orbital and two p-orbitals.
• $\text{sp }$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and single p-orbital.

Steric number: The number of atoms bonded to the atom plus the number of lone pairs the atom has.

Atom will be ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized, and the steric number is 4.

Atom will be ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridized, and the steric number is 3.

Atom will be $\text{sp }$ hybridized, and the steric number is 2.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization for the boron atom in ${\text{BH}}_{\text{3}}$ has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Hybridization:

• It is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.
• Geometry of a molecule can be predicted by knowing its hybridization.
• ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and three p-orbital.
• ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization between one s-orbital and two p-orbitals.
• $\text{sp }$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and single p-orbital.

Steric number: The number of atoms bonded to the atom plus the number of lone pairs the atom has.

Atom will be ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized, and the steric number is 4.

Atom will be ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridized, and the steric number is 3.

Atom will be $\text{sp }$ hybridized, and the steric number is 2.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization for the sulphur atom in ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{SH}$ has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Hybridization:

• It is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.
• Geometry of a molecule can be predicted by knowing its hybridization.
• ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and three p-orbital.
• ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization between one s-orbital and two p-orbitals.
• $\text{sp }$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and single p-orbital.

Steric number: The number of atoms bonded to the atom plus the number of lone pairs the atom has.

Atom will be ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized, and the steric number is 4.

Atom will be ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridized, and the steric number is 3.

Atom will be $\text{sp }$ hybridized, and the steric number is 2.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization for the nitrogen atom in ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{C}=\text{NH}$ has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Hybridization:

• It is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.
• Geometry of a molecule can be predicted by knowing its hybridization.
• ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and three p-orbital.
• ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization between one s-orbital and two p-orbitals.
• $\text{sp }$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and single p-orbital.

Steric number: The number of atoms bonded to the atom plus the number of lone pairs the atom has.

Atom will be ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized, and the steric number is 4.

Atom will be ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridized, and the steric number is 3.

Atom will be $\text{sp }$ hybridized, and the steric number is 2.