Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Question
Chapter 6, Problem 28RA
Summary Introduction
To review:
1. The osmotically active nature of mannitol.
2. The role of mannitol in prevention of swelling of the brain during head trauma along with its effect on the water content of urine.
Introduction:
Mannitol is a form of sugar also known as sweet sugar alcohol. It also serves as an osmotic diuretic. It regulates the blood plasma osmolality by enhancing the flow of water from the tissues into the intestinal fluid and blood plasma.
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Blood volume must be restored in a person who has lost large amounts of blood due to serious injury. This is often accomplished by infusing isotonic NaCl solution into the blood. Why is this more effective than infusing an isoosmotic solution of a penetrating solute, such as urea?
Hyperkalemia is associated with the inability of the kidneys to properly filter potassium out of the blood. Which type of membrane transport do the kidneys use to filter the blood?
A. Hydrostatic pressure
B. Osmotic pressure
C. Filtration
D. Active diffusion
Using the principles of osmosis, explain why movement of Na + through a plasma membrane is followed by movement of water. Use this concept to explain the rationale on which oral rehydration therapy is based.
Chapter 6 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 6 - Describe the distribution of fluid in the body.Ch. 6 - Describe the composition of the extracellular...Ch. 6 - List the subcategories of passive transport and...Ch. 6 - Explain what is meant by simple diffusion and list...Ch. 6 - Prob. 4CPCh. 6 - Prob. 5CPCh. 6 - Explain how the body detects changes in the...Ch. 6 - Prob. 7aCPCh. 6 - Prob. 7bCPCh. 6 - Prob. 7cCP
Ch. 6 - Prob. 8CPCh. 6 - Prob. 9aCPCh. 6 - Prob. 9bCPCh. 6 - Explain the relationship of the resting membrane...Ch. 6 - Prob. 10bCPCh. 6 - Prob. 11CPCh. 6 - Prob. 12CPCh. 6 - The movement of water across a plasma membrane...Ch. 6 - Which of these statements about the facilitated...Ch. 6 - Prob. 3RACh. 6 - Prob. 4RACh. 6 - Blood plasma has an osmolality of about 300 mOsm....Ch. 6 - Prob. 6RACh. 6 - The most important diffusible ion in the...Ch. 6 - Prob. 8RACh. 6 - Prob. 9RACh. 6 - Prob. 10RACh. 6 - Prob. 11RACh. 6 - Prob. 12RACh. 6 - Prob. 13RACh. 6 - Prob. 14RACh. 6 - Which of the following questions regarding second...Ch. 6 - Prob. 16RACh. 6 - Prob. 17RACh. 6 - Compare the resting membrane potential of a neuron...Ch. 6 - Prob. 19RACh. 6 - Prob. 20RACh. 6 - Prob. 21RACh. 6 - Prob. 22RACh. 6 - Using the principles of osmosis, explain why...Ch. 6 - Prob. 24RACh. 6 - Prob. 25RACh. 6 - Prob. 26RACh. 6 - Prob. 27RACh. 6 - Prob. 28RACh. 6 - Prob. 29RACh. 6 - Prob. 30RACh. 6 - Using only the information in this chapter,...Ch. 6 - Prob. 32RACh. 6 - Prob. 33RACh. 6 - Suppose a semipermeable membrane separates two...Ch. 6 - Prob. 35RACh. 6 - Prob. 36RACh. 6 - Use the Nernst equation and the ion concentration...
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- When the body becomes dehydrated, the posterior pituitary gland secretes vasopressin which signals the kidney tubules to retain water leading to infrequent urination. Which type of cellular communication is mediated by vasopressin?arrow_forwardDescribe the contribution of each of the following to establishing and maintaining membrane potential: (a) the Na+K+ pump, (b) passive movement of K+ across the membrane, (c) passive movement of Na+ across the membrane, and (d) the large intracellular anions.arrow_forwardThe rate at which the Na+K+ pump operates is not constant but is controlled by a combined effect of changes in ICF Na+ concentration and ECF K+ concentration. Do you think the changes in both ICF Na+ and ECF K+ concentration following a series of action potentials in a neuron would accelerate, slow down, or have no effect on the Na+K+ pumps in this cell?arrow_forward
- Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity. How do they maintain normal cell volume?arrow_forwardBy what mechanism does the active transport of Na1 lead to the osmotic flow of water across an epithelium?arrow_forwardGout is caused by an error in metabolism that leads to abuildup of uric acid in body fluids, which is deposited as slightlysoluble sodium urate (C₅H₃N₄O₃Na) in the joints. If the extra-cellular [Na⁺] is 0.15 Mand the solubility of sodium urate is0.085 g/100. mL, what is the minimum urate ion concentration(abbreviated [Ur⁻]) that will cause a deposit of sodium urate?arrow_forward
- A person in liver failure is deficient in large proteins usually found in the plasma. Whatwill happen to fluid in the extracellular space (interstitial space)? Why? How will thisaffect the appearance of the patient?arrow_forwardIf we intake very highly concentrated sugar/salt solution, then what types of osmotic effects may occur?arrow_forwardIn some circumstances, as during a nerve impulse, sodium ions must enter the cell. How are they able to do so?arrow_forward
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