Concept explainers
Wild-type E. coli grow best at
a.
b.
c.
d. What term best characterizes the type of mutation exhibited by the mutant bacterial strain? (Hint: The term was used in Chapter
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- Different sensitivities to the mushroom toxin a-amanitin distinguish the three RNA polymerases from one another. Which of the following properties listed below also distinguish RNA Polymerase II from Pol I and Pol III? Options: Only RNA Pol II possesses a large subunit RNA Polymerase I and RNA Polymerase III do not require TBP for optimal transcription efficiency only RNA Polymerase II requires an ATP-dependent helicase to melt the DNA around the transcription start site Only RNA Polymerase II resembles the prokaryotic RNA Polymerase RNA Pol II has an extended N terminal region that becomes phosphorylated during intiationarrow_forwardIn bacteria's transcription and translation, not all RNAS and proteins are produced at the same time and quantities. Access the condition of prokaryotic transcription below with suitable control methods. When E. coli is exposed to heat shock or grown at higher temperaturearrow_forwardEF-Ts factor regenerates EF-Tu/GDP from EF-Tu/GTP for the next round of elongation cycle in prokaryotic translation. The sigma subunit of RNA polymerase is replaced by NusA to recognise the promoter region of a gene. The -10 and -35 sequences in E. coli DNA are referred to as untranslated region. In human, translation begins before transcription of an mRNA completes. this statement true or false.arrow_forward
- The lac operon consists of three structural genes, lacZ, lacY and lacA that are transcribed as a single polycistronic mRNA. The new lac strain of Escherichia coli are as shown below: P+O+Z+Y+A+// P+O+Z+Y+A¯ (i) Illustrate how lactose induces the gene expression in lac 1 $// I-. (ii) Explain the function of the lacP and laco in the bacterial operon.arrow_forwardThe lac operon consists of three structural genes, lacZ, lacY and lacA that are transcribed as a single polycistronic mRNA. You are given a new strain of Escherichia coli with the following lac operon genotype: p+0°Z•Y*A +// P*O*Z*Y+ A- (i) Explain how the lac I ³ gene affects gene expression.arrow_forwardThe 5′ region of the TPP riboswitch in Bacillus subtilis is very similar to the TPP riboswitch in E. coli. Even so, the riboswitch in B. subtilis regulates transcription, whereas the one in E. coli regulates translation. What is the role of the 5′ region in both riboswitches? How can one riboswitch regulate transcription while the other regulates translation?arrow_forward
- A particular mutation in the bacterial sigma factor allows this protein to bind RNA polymerase but prevents it from coming off (detaching) RNA polymerase once it binds. What specific effect will this mutation have on transcription? It will prevent the transcription termination exerted by the Rho protein. It will prevent the formation of closed complexes between RNA polymerase and the promoter. It will prevent the formation of open complexes between RNA polymerase and the promoter. It will prevent the transition from the transcription initiation to the transcription elongation stage. It will prevent the synthesis of abortive RNA transcripts while the RNA polymerase is bound at the promoter.arrow_forwardConsider a mutant of E. coli that has an inactivating mutation in the gene for the catabolite activator protein (cap). Choose the compound(s) that could be provided to the mutant to achieve full transcription of the lac operon. If no combination of compounds can allow for transcription, chose none. ATP CAMP O glucose lactose nonearrow_forwardIdentify one mistake that was introduced in the following figure. True or false? The first few amino acids (Met-Asp-His) shown in this figure correspond to the signal peptide. Justify your answerarrow_forward
- The DNA sequence of the promoter region of E. coli xyzA gene is shown below. Transcription start site is the A (in bold) at position 43. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 GAGCT GTTGA CAATT AATCA TCGAA CTAGT TAACT AGTAC GCAAG TTCAC Mutations were introduced in the sequence to identify residues important for gene expression. Indicate the effect of the following mutations on xyzA expression (increase, decrease, no effect, cannot be predicted). Provide reasoning for each answer. A. G3A (G at position 3 was changed to A) G9A Deletion of TCA at position 18-20 C22A T31A, A32T double mutant T35G G45C C48A B. What are the promoter sequences of the gene?arrow_forwardTRUE FALSE EF-Ts factor regenerates EF-Tu/GDP from EF-Tu/GTP for the next round of elongation cycle in prokaryotic translation. The sigma o subunit of RNA polymerase is replaced by NusA to recognise the promoter region of a gene. The -10 and -35 sequences in E. coli DNA are referred to as untranslated region. In human, translation begins before transcription of an mRNA completes. The distal histidine stabilises the iron in heme group of a deoxyhaemoglobin. Receptor for epinephrine consists of seven transmembrane helices. Membrane receptors bind to hydrophobic signaling molecules. Amino acids, glucose and fatty acids are taken up by transporters into liver cells. Glycerol and fatty acids are synthesized from the intermediates of glycolysis. Synthesis of fatty acid occurs in cytoplasm. Triacylglycerol can be obtained from diet and also synthesized in liver cells. Ammonia and keto acid are formed in transamination.arrow_forwardThe most common type of termination signal in E. Coli is a symmetrical inverted repeat of GC rich sequences followed by about 7 As that forms a stable stem-loop structure in the RNA, which disrupts its association with the DNA template and terminates transcription. true or falsearrow_forward
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