Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The Lewis structure of
Concept Introduction:
A covalent bond is a bond that is formed from the mutual sharing of electrons between atoms. Lewis structures are representations of the covalent bond. In this, Lewis symbols show how the valence electrons are present in the molecule.
Steps to write Lewis structures are as follows:
1. The skeleton structure with single bonds between all bonded atoms has to be written
2. Sum the valence electrons of the atoms in the molecule.
(a) For cations, one electron is subtracted for each positive charge.
(b) For anions, one electron is added for each negative charge.
3. Subtract two electrons from total number of valence electrons for each bond in the skeleton structure.
4. Count the number of electrons required to satisfy the octet rule for each atom in the structure. If the number of electrons needed is less than the number remaining, add one bond for every two electrons needed between atoms to attain an octet.
5. The remaining electrons are placed as lone pairs on atoms that need them to satisfy the octet rule.
Some compounds exceed an octet around the central atom and are called as expanded valence shell molecule. The central atom belongs to third and fourth periods. In this, the molecule has electrons more than eight electrons in Lewis structure.
The electron-deficient molecule is a molecule in which there are less electrons than electrons available that join atoms in the molecule through covalent bonds. In electron-deficient molecules, atoms have more stable orbitals in the valence shell than the electrons.
Odd-electron molecules are atoms with unpaired electrons. They are also called as radicals. Radicals do not obey the octet rule because they do not have completely filled
(b)
Interpretation:
The Lewis structure of
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(c)
Interpretation:
The Lewis structure of
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a)
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 9 Solutions
Chemistry: Principles and Practice
- Write the Lewis structures for the following species, and indicate whether each is an odd-electron species, an electron-deficient species, or an expanded valence shell species. (a) BI3 (b) IF5 (c) HN2arrow_forwardNitrosyl azide, N4O, is a pale yellow solid first synthesized in 1993. Write the Lewis structure for nitrosyl azide.arrow_forwardIn aqueous hydrogen fluoride solution, an importantspecies is the ion HF2, which has the bonding arrangementFHF. Draw the Lewis structure for this ion, and explain how itarises.arrow_forward
- Aluminum oxide (Al₂ O₃) is a widely used industrial abrasive(emery, corundum), for which the specific application depends onthe hardness of the crystal. What does this hardness imply about the magnitude of the lattice energy? Would you have predictedfrom the chemical formula that Al₂ O₃ is hard? Explain.arrow_forwardA becuas eit has 3 bonds?arrow_forwardDraw Lewis structures for these ions and show which atom in each bears the formal charge. Q.) H3O+arrow_forward
- What is the electron geometry and molecular shape of PF3 respectively?arrow_forwardWhich property of the third-row nonmetallic elementsmight be the one depicted below: (a) first ionizationenergy, (b) atomic radius, (c) electronegativity, (d) meltingpoint, (e) X¬X single-bond enthalpy?arrow_forwardWrite a Lewis structure for the amide ion, NH2─, and assign formal charges to each atom.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningGeneral Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage Learning