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- The high phosphoryl transfer potential of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is explained by the resonance stability of the product, 3-phosphoglycerate. The same explanation applies to the reaction that generates resonance stabilized pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate. Show the resonance structures for both products, 3-phosphoglycerate and pyruvate, and state why the reactant in both reactions is not resonance stabilized.How many tritium atoms (3H) are incorporated into palmitate when fattyacid synthesis is carried out in vitro with the following labeled substrate?Given each set of information which may include common name(s) and the reaction catalyzed, you are required to identify the main class of the specific enzyme described. _____________________1. Name: alkaline phosphataseReaction: a phosphate monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate_____________________2. Reaction: L-threonine = D-threonine.Other information: Inverts both chiral centers, a racemase. _____________________3. Name: glycine-N-acylaseReaction: acyl-COA + glycine = CoA + N-acylglycine_____________________ 4. Name: lysine decarboxylaseReaction: L-lysine = cadaverine + CO2 _____________________5. Name: methanol dehydrogenaseReaction: methanol + NAD+ = formaldehyde + NADH + H+ _____________________6. Name: citryl-CoA synthetaseReaction: ATP + citrate + CoA = ADP + phosphate + (3S)-citryl-CoA_____________________7. Name: D-xylulose reductaseReaction: xylitol + NAD+ = D-xylulose + NADH + H+ _____________________8. Name: cellobiose phosphorylaseReaction: cellobiose phosphate =…
- In order to function as an oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol must act catalytically, not stoichiometrically. What does this mean? Identify and discuss an important implication of this conclusion.Describe the effects of (1) oligomycin and (2) uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, e.g., dinitrophenol (DNP), carbonyl cyanide-p- trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), on respiration and ATP synthesis when added to a suspension of mitochondria with excess malate, ADP, and inorganic phosphate (Pi).Draw the structure of two different aldohexoses that yield the followingaldaric acid when oxidized with HNO3. Use Figure to name eachaldohexose
- 1) Which of the following redox reactions would be expected to proceed as written? (Assume standard conditions; E°’ values are shown above.) A. Malate + NAD+ ® Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ B. Acetoacetate + NADH + H+ ® b-hydorxybutyrate + NAD+ C. Pyruvate + b-hydorxybutyrate ® Lactate + Acetoacetate D. Malate + Pyruvate ® Oxaloacetate + Lactate E. Acetaldehyde + Succinate ® Ethanol + Fumarate Half Reaction E°’ (V) Fumarate + 2 H+ + 2 e- ® Succinate 0.031 Oxaloacetate + 2 H+ + 2 e- ® Malate -0.166 Pyruvate + 2 H+ + 2 e- ® Lactate -0.185 Acetaldehyde + 2 H+ + 2 e- ® Ethanol -0.197 NAD+ + H+ + 2 e- ® NADH -0.320 Acetoacetate + 2 H+ + 2 e- ® b-hydorxybutyrate -0.346 2) Calculate the DE° for the reaction shown in option A question 1.If you were to determine the P/O ratio for oxidation of a-ketoglutarate, you would probably include some malonate in your reaction system. Why? Under these conditions, what P/O ratio would you expect to observe?If you were to determine the P/O ratio for oxidation of α-ketoglutarate,you would probably include some malonate in your reaction system. Why?Under these conditions, what P/O ratio would you expect to observe?
- Under anaerobic conditions, Escherichia coli synthesizes an NADH-dependent fumarate reductase rather than succinatedehydrogenase, the flavoprotein that oxidizes succinate to fumarate. a) Write an equation for the reaction catalyzed by fumarate reductase.b) NADH produced by the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction is re-oxidized by reducing an organicintermediate. Rather than reduce pyruvate to lactate, anaerobic E. coli utilize fumarate reductase. However, underanaerobiosis, the activity of -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is virtually nonexistent. Show how fumarate is formed, usinga reaction beginning with PEP and including the necessary TCA cycle enzymes.c) What is the metabolic advantage to anaerobic E. coli in using the fumarate reductase pathway rather than lactatedehydrogenase to re-oxidize NADH?For myristic acid, C 13H 27CO 2H: (a) How many molecules of acetyl CoA are formed from complete β-oxidation? (b) How many cycles of β-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation?Normal carbonic anhydrase has zinc at its active site . Suggest a structural reason why carbonicanhydrase synthesized with Ni²⁺, Fe²⁺, or Mn²⁺ in place of Zn²⁺ gives an enzyme with less catalytic efficiency.