Q: Define gene knockout.
A: A gene is the basic and functional unit of heredity and can be defined as a functional part of DNA…
Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutated single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene expected to…
A: The repeated and uncontrollable division of cells forms a large mass called the tumor. Tumors might…
Q: Match the gene name with the gene description. rb BRCA-1 A. tumor suppressor - p53 B. proto-oncogene…
A: Cancer is a condition caused by mutation in the genome that results in infinite cell multiplication…
Q: These genes are involved in normal cell growth and division, but if mutated, could become more…
A: Oncogenes are tumour-causing genes. They are mutated and abnormal that leading to uncontrolled cell…
Q: Cancer-promoting mutations are likely to have different effects on the activity of proteins encoded…
A: Cancer is the unnatural and excessive proliferation of cells that becomes harmful to normal body…
Q: A normally functioning gene that regulates the cell cycle by stopping cell division is most likely…
A: Question - A normally functioning gene that regulates the cell cycle by stopping cell division is…
Q: Describe three common ways that tumor-suppressor genes aresilenced.
A: Tumour suppressor genes are genes that can decrease the rate of cell division and growth. In the…
Q: What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene? Give some examples of the…
A: Cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell survival are under the control of some critical…
Q: Characterize the differences between tumor cells and normal cells in terms of the following…
A: A. The normal cell shows contact inhibition that means when two cells get contact then the growth…
Q: Explain how mutations in oncogenes and in tumor suppressorgenes cause cancer.
A: Cancer is a group of diseases that involves abnormal growth of the cell. These cells have the…
Q: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that encode proteins involved in DNA repair. If DNA can not be repaired,…
A: BRCA1 (BReast CAncer gene 1) and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer gene 2) are genes that make proteins that aid…
Q: Describe three popular methods for silencing tumor-suppressor genes.
A: Introduction Tumor suppressor genes are those that slow down the division and development of cells.…
Q: Describe the roles of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in controlling cell growth, and…
A: Oncogenesis is the process of inducing cancer in the body due to mutation in the genes. Oncogenes…
Q: The normal copies of tumor-suppressor genes encode proteins that have which three types of…
A: A tumour suppressor gene also known as anti-oncogene is a gene that is responsible to regulate the…
Q: Describe, using specific examples, the differences in how a growth factor gene and a tumor…
A: When we talk about cancer, there are certain genes associated with it. Oncogenes are genes that are…
Q: Describe error prone polymerases and the process of translesion synthesis (TLS). In regards to tumor…
A: Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a method of overcoming stopped replication in which particular…
Q: . Explain why mutations in oncogenes are generally dominant while those in tumor suppressor genes…
A: Proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes are two types of gene essential for the control of cell…
Q: Compare the usual functions of proteins encoded by proto-oncogeneswith those of proteins encoded by…
A: Proteins are macromolecules formed by the long chain of amino acids. They are involved in a wide…
Q: Describe how mutations in genome maintenance factors promote tumorigenesis. Why would inactivation…
A: The cells are basic units of life. When any mutation in the gene takes place due to any radiation or…
Q: Hypermethylation is thought to contribute to cancer by a. inhibiting DNA replication. b. inhibiting…
A: DNA methylation is one of the intensely studied epigenetic modifications in mammals. The regulation…
Q: Explain why p53 is mutated in the vast majority of human cancers.
A: Any isoform of a protein encoded by homologous genes in multiple animals, such as TP53 and Trp53, is…
Q: Describe the underlying causes of epigenetic changes associated with cancer.
A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. It is the information hub of the cell that…
Q: Retroviruses can cause cancer, along with some viruses with DNA genomes. For example, herpes…
A: Retroviruses can cause cancer. For example, herpes papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer. The…
Q: Describe the effects of the mutation causing the p21 promoter to no longer bind p53 on cell…
A: p53 is a tumor suppressor gene but if p53 gets mutated then this protein is not able to bind to the…
Q: Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.
A: The most common gene in people with cancer is p53 or TP53. More than 50% of cancers involve the lost…
Q: Explain the difference between proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor mutations in terms of its…
A: Cancer is a medical condition that is characterized by the growth of tumors in the body of an…
Q: Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, Bcl-2,…
A: Proto-oncogene is a normal gene which have many different functions in the cell, like providing…
Q: Explain in general what is meant by a proto-oncogene and how they are involved in the formation of a…
A: Proto-oncogenes are a bunch of normal genes present in a cell. They have the necessary information…
Q: Why don’t all loss-of-function mutations that are recessive at the cellular level behave as…
A: Loss of function mutation is otherwise known as inactivating mutations. This type of mutation is…
Q: Genetic instability in the form of point mutations, chromosome rearrangements, and epigenetic…
A: A mutation is a form of alteration in which a single change changes a nucleotide of nucleic acid. It…
Q: There are three broad categories of cancer-related genes: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes,…
A: It is an uncontrollable cell division that get metastasized into surrounding tissues.
Q: Explain how epigenetic changes can contribute to tumorigenesis.
A: Tumors are clumps of cells formed by uncontrollable cell division. Tumorigenesis is the uncontrolled…
Q: Explain why the continually active CDK will most likely change the normal cells into cancer cells.
A: The cell cycle is a series of events through which cells divide and produce daughter cells. It is…
Q: Describe the molecular mechanisms involved in P53’s role as a tumor repressor protein
A:
Q: Compare and contrast oncogenes versus tumor-suppressorgenes.
A: Cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can be treated by chemotherapy and…
Q: A research study indicated that an agent in cigarette smoke caused the silencing of the p53 gene,…
A: In an organism, almost all the changes that occur in gene expression that are epigenetic in nature…
Q: Name two ways in which loss of p53 function contributes to a malignant phenotype. Explain how…
A: We know that, an abnormal growth of tissues in the body is know as tumor. A tumor can change into…
Q: Explain Mutations in tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level but dominant at the…
A: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal growth of cells, which tend to proliferate in an…
Q: Explain with specific examples how oncogenic receptors would promote cellular proliferation in the…
A: Oncogenes are genes which are present in almost all eukaryotic cells especially in higher animals,…
Q: Describe the genetic changes that convert proto-oncogenesinto oncogenes or inactivate…
A: Oncogenes can be defined as the genes which induce cancer in the organisms. These genes encode the…
Q: The product of the human papillomavirous oncogene E7promotes cancer by emhancing expression of…
A: Virus is a microscopic organism which contains a protective coat and the nucleic acid. It doesn’t…
Q: Explain the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene.
A: Cancer is the state of uncontrolled cell division.
Q: Discuss the challenges of producing anticancer drugs that counteract the effects of mutations in…
A: Tumor suppressor genes are the genes that decline the cell division process, acts in programmed cell…
Explain why many oncogenic viruses contain genes whose products
interact with tumor-suppressor proteins.
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- A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after two separate Pap smears have shown dysplastic epithelial cells. Results of a molecular diagnostic test show DNA that encodes high-risk versions of the human papillomavirus E6 and E7 proteins. The viral E6 protein binds to the cellular p53 tumor suppressor gene, causing it to be degraded. Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which the E6 protein causes cervical cancer? (A) Arrests the cell cycle (B) Enhances tissue invasion and metastasis (C) Inhibits telomerase expression (D) Prevents apoptosis (E) Sustains angiogenesisRetroviruses can cause cancer, along with some viruses with DNA genomes. For example, herpes papillomavirus causes cervical cancer. The HPV genome encodes a protein called E6 that interferes with p53 function, and another protein called E7 that inhibits the function of Rb protein. Explain how HPV causes cancer. Are the viral E6 and E7 protein functions more similar to oncogenes or tumor suppressors?Our understanding of the molecular biology of cancer formation has been greatly enhanced by studying oncogenic viruses. Answer the following questions regarding oncogenic retroviruses? Explain how a gain of function mutation in the Ras protein caused by a retrovirus might lead to cancer formation.
- Our understanding of the molecular biology of cancer formation has been greatly enhanced by studying oncogenic viruses. Answer the following questions regarding oncogenic retroviruses? What is an oncogene? How does if differ from a proto-oncogene? Why are retroviruses prone to accumulating oncogenes? Explain how a gain of function mutation in the Ras protein caused by a retrovirus might lead to cancer formationHuman tumour viruses account for an estimated 12% to 20% of cancers worldwide and often establish persistent infections in the host. Explain how viruses contribute to cancer development.The Bcl-2 protein was initially discovered via its ability to contribute to progression of B-cells to a cancerous "lymphoma" phenotype. 1) Define the mutation that was associated with the change in Bcl-2 in these cells. 2) Is Bcl-2 an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene? 3) Define the role of Bcl-2 in normal cellular function and how this changed in Bcl-2 associated lymphoma.
- The Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. The HPV E6 and E7 proteins govern the cell via altering cellular proteins. The E6 protein interacts with the tumor suppressor protein p53 and directs its ubiquitin-mediated destruction. Can you elaborate about the P63 gene: its function and if it can be altered/mutated by HPV? If it does, what is the relationship between P53 and P63? Thank you!Describe the roles of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in controlling cell growth, and discuss how some viruses can circumvent this control.Although slow acting retroviruses lack oncogenes, retroviral infection can activate proto oncogenes leading to oncogenesis. a. Describe the mechanism of proto-oncogenes activation that can result from with infection with slow acting retroviruses. b. In what other ways can proto-oncogenes be converted to oncogenes?
- Loss of p53 function occurs in the majority of human tumors. Name two ways in which loss of p53 function contributes to a malignant phenotype. Explain how benzo(a) pyrene can cause loss of p53 function.Compare and contrast oncogenes versus tumor-suppressorgenes.D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TPS3 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardlan of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing t0o fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will not…