Bartleby Sitemap - Textbook Solutions
All Textbook Solutions for Biology (MindTap Course List)
EVOLUTION LINK Examine the cladogram in Figure 30-6a. Based on the discussion in this chapter, what were some of the types of data that biologists used to determine these phylogenetic relationships? Figure 30-6 Evolutionary relationships of animal clades13TYU14TYU1LO2LO3LOconnect What is the significance of choanocytes in terms of the evolution of sponges? Explain their function in sponges.2CVISUALIZE Sketch the major events of the life cycle of Obelia.4C4LO5LO6LO7LO8LOWhat are some advantages of cephalization and a coelom?On what basis have biologists classified nemerteans as lophotrochozoans?3C4C9LO10LODescribe six key characteristics of arthropods, summarize proposed phylogeny of arthropods, and distinguish among arthropod clades; give examples of animals that belong to each group.12LO1CDescribe four key arthropod characteristics, and explain how each contributes to arthropod success.3CDescribe four adaptations that have contributed to insect success.1TYU2TYUWhich of the following is associated with the evolution of the coelom? (a) radial symmetry (b) tube-within-a-tube body plan (c) incomplete metamorphosis (d) bilateral symmetry (e) development of gangliaTrochophore larvae are characteristic of (a) arthropods (b) cnidarians (c) flatworms (d) mollusks (e) crustaceans5TYUAn open circulatory system (a) is characteristic of squids and other active mollusks (b) permits contracting muscles to recover quickly (c) has no blood vessels (d) is a unique characteristic of annelids (e) has hemolymph, which bathes tissues directlyWhich of the following characteristics is associated with mollusks? (a) mandibles (b) mantle (c) pedipalps (d) chelipeds (e) setaeTrilobites (a) were early mollusks (b) are onychophorans (c) are characterized by parapodia and setae (d) were early arthropods (e) are an evolutionary link between annelids and arthropods9TYU10TYUThe correct sequence of complete metamorphosis of an insect is (a) egg immature form adult (b) egg trochophore larva adult (c) egg pupa larva adult (d) egg larva pupa adult (e) adult larva egg pupaTest Your Understanding 12. VISUALIZE Draw a cross section through a hydra. Label the epidermis, gastrodermis, gastrovascular cavity, and mesoglea.13TYU14TYUINTERPRET DATA Imagine that you discover a new animal in a rain forest. It has an elongated, segmented body with bristles, and it has no obvious head. Where would youplace this animal in the accompanying cladogram? Support your decision. Look at the more detailed cladogram inFigure 30-6a (in Chapter 30). What additional characteristicswould help you place your animal in this cladogram? Explainyour decision-making process.16TYU17TYU18TYUSCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY international monitoring projects are gathering data to help us understand coral reef destruction. In your opinion, why is it important to take action to protect coral reefs? What role might technology play?1LO1CIdentify three shared derived characters of echinoderms and describe the main clades (classes) of echinoderms.1C2CDescribe characteristics of chordates, including four shared derived characters.What are four shared derived characters of chordates?2C3C4LO1CIf you found a small fishlike animal along the shoreline, how would you determine whether or not it was a lancelet?5LO6LO1C2C7LO1C8LO1C2CDescribe three vertebrate adaptations to terrestrial life.10LO11LO1C2C3C4CTest Your Understanding 1.Which of the following is not a shared derived character of echinoderms? (a) water vascular system (b) notochord (c) tube feet (d) pentaradial symmetry in adult (e) endoskeleton of calcium carbonate plates and spinesTest Your Understanding 2.Which of the following is/are found in tunicates? (a) dorsal, tubular nerve cord (b) tube feet (c) anal gill slits (d) two pairs of appendages (e) vertebral columnTest Your Understanding 3.A shark is characterized by (a) amnion (b) bony skeleton (c) water vascular system (d) placoid scales (e) endothermy and amnionTest Your Understanding 4.Which of the following characteristics is/are associated with amphibians? (a) amnion (b) placoid scales (c) heart with two complete ventricles (d) swim bladder (e) metamorphosisTest Your Understanding 5.Reptiles (a) are all endotherms (b) are amniotes (c) have a great deal of keratin in their epidermis (d) have external fertilization (e) b and c are both correctTest Your Understanding 6.Which of the following is not characteristic of birds? (a) hollow bones (b) amnion (c) ectothermy (d) high metabolic rate (e) reptilian-like scales on legsTest Your Understanding 7.Which of the following is true of mammals? (a) they evolved from saurischian dinosaurs (b) they are exotherms (c) they have hair and three middle ear bones (d) mammalian embryos do not have an amnion (e) they all bear their young alive (do not lay eggs).Test Your Understanding 8.VISUALIZE Draw a simple cladogram illustrating the evolutionary relationships among extant mammals (marsupials, eutherians, and monotremes). Include the following characters in your cladogram: well-developed placenta, vivipary, endothermy, marsupium, hair.Test Your Understanding 9.EVOLUTION LINK Sea urchins have radial symmetry. Explain why they are not classified as cnidarians.Test Your Understanding 10.EVOLUTION LINK Most biologists consider birds as living dinosaurs. Justify this position.Test Your Understanding 11.EVOLUTION LINK Discuss the relationships among the echinoderms and chordates, describing shared derived characters that support grouping these animals as deuterostomes.12TYU13TYU1LO2LODescribe the structure and functions of the vascular tissue system (xylem and phloem).Describe the structure and functions of the dermal tissue system (epidermis and periderm).1C2CHow do parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma tissues differ in cell structure and function?4CHow are epidermis and periderm alike? How are they different?5LO6LO7LO1C2C3CDistinguish between cell division and cell expansion, and describe the roles of the preprophase band and cellulose microfibrils.Describe the relationship between cell determination and cell differentiation and between pattern formation and morphogenesis.Explain why the model organism Arabidopsis is so useful in the study of plant development.Which process typically occurs first, cell differentiation or cell expansion?2CWhat is the relationship between pattern formation and morphogenesis?Why is Arabidopsis such a useful model organism for plant development?1TYUThe cell walls of parenchyma cells (a) contain large quantities of pectin in the thickened corners (b) are rich in lignin but do not contain hemicelluloses and pectin (c) are predominantly cellulose, although they also contain hemicelluloses and pectin (d) contain cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin in approximately equal amounts (e) contain hemicelluloses, pectin, and lignin but no celluloseWhich tissue system provides a covering for the plant body? (a) ground (b) vascular (c) periderm (d) dermal (e) cortexThe two simple tissues that are specialized for support are (a) parenchyma and collenchyma (b) collenchyma and sclerenchyma (c) sclerenchyma and parenchyma (d) parenchyma and xylem (e) xylem and phloem5TYU6TYU7TYU8TYU9TYUCell differentiation occurs through _______________, whereas morphogenesis involves _______________. (a) pattern formation; cell determination (b) cell division; cell expansion (c) cell expansion; pattern formation (d) cell determination; cell division (e) cell determination; pattern formationThe monopteros mutant (a) lacks a primary root (b) develops normally until the plant becomes reproductive (c) has abnormal leaf morphogenesis (d) was discovered in rice after its genome was sequenced (e) is one of only two developmental mutants known in Arabidopsis.12TYUVISUALIZE Sketch a roughly cuboidal cell preparing to divide. Indicate the orientation of the preprophase band and the site where the new cell walls of the daughter cells will form.14TYUA couple carved a heart with their initials into a tree trunk 4 ft above ground level; the tree was 25 ft tall at the time. Twenty years later the tree was 50 ft tall. How far above the ground were the initials then? Explain your answer.16TYUEVOLUTION LINK Flowering plants have both tracheids and vessel elements in their xylem. Conifers, which evolved earlier than flowering plants, have tracheids only. Do these differences in xylem structure help explain the difference in the success of these two plant groups? Explain your answer.SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Why is knowledge gained from sequencing the Arabidopsis genome important even though Arabidopsis has no commercial value?1LO2LO3LO4LOHow are leaves adapted to conserve water?2CWhat are the two types of vascular tissue in a vascular bundle? Which vascular tissue is usually located in the upper part of the vascular bundle?How is the leaf organized to deliver the raw materials and remove the products of photosynthesis?5LO6LOHow does blue light trigger stomatal opening?2CDiscuss transpiration and its effects on plants.8LO1CHow do environmental factors (sunlight, temperature, humidity, and wind) influence the rate of transpiration?3C4CDefine leaf abscission, explain why it occurs, and describe the physiological and anatomical changes that precede it.Why do many woody plants living in temperate zones lose their leaves in autumn?2C3C10LO1C2CWhat are some of the specialized features of the leaves of carnivorous plants?1TYU2TYU3TYU4TYUWhich of the following is not an adaptation of pine needles to conserve water? (a) less surface area exposed to the air than thin-bladed leaves (b) a relatively thick cuticle (c) sunken stomata (d) netted veins instead of parallel veins (e) both c and d are not adaptations of pine needles6TYUAt sunrise, the accumulation in the guard cells of the osmotically active substance __________ causes an inflow of water and the opening of the pore. (a) protons (b) starch (c) ATP synthase (d) sucrose (e) potassium ions8TYU9TYUModified leaves that enable a stem to climb are called __________, whereas modified leaves that cover the winter buds of a dormant woody plant are called __________. (a) spines; bud scales (b) bud scales; tendrils (c) tendrils; bud scales (d) tendrils; spines (e) carnivorous leaves; spinesThere is a trade-off between photosynthesis and transpiration in leaves because (a) numerous stomatal pores provide both gas exchange for photosynthesis and openings through which water vapor escapes (b) a waxy layer, the cuticle, reduces water loss (c) blue light triggers an influx of potassium ions (K+) into the guard cells (d) leaves of deciduous plants abscise as winter approaches in temperate climates (e) stomata are closed at night, although water continues to move into the roots by osmosisSuppose that you are asked to observe a micrograph of a leaf cross section and distinguish between the upper and lower epidermis. How would you make this decision?13TYU14TYUWhat might be some of the advantages of a plant having a few large leaves? What might be some disadvantages? What might be some advantages of having many small leaves? What disadvantages might that entail? How would your answers differ for plants growing in a humid environment compared with those in a desert?16TYU17TYU1LO2LO3LO1C2C3C4CWhat is the difference between terminal and axillary buds?4LO5LO6LO1CHow does the tensioncohesion model explain the rise of water in the tallest trees?Describe the pathway of sugar translocation in plants.8LO1C2C1TYUGround tissue in monocot stems performs the same functions as _______________ and _______________ in herbaceous eudicot stems. (a) phloem; xylem (b) cork cambium; vascular cambium (c) epidermis; periderm (d) primary xylem; secondary xylem (e) cortex; pith3TYU4TYU5TYU6TYUWater potential is (a) the formation of a proton gradient across a cell membrane (b) the transport of a watery solution of sugar in phloem (c) the transport of water in both xylem and phloem (d) the removal of sucrose at the sink, causing water to move out of the sieve tubes (e) the free energy of water in a particular situation8TYU9TYUWhich of the following is a mechanism of phloem transport in which dissolved sugar is moved by means of a pressure gradient that exists between the source and the sink? (a) pressureflow (b) tensioncohesion (c) root pressure (d) active transport of potassium ions into guard cells (e) guttationHow does increasing solute concentration affect water potential? (a) water potential becomes more positive (b) water potential becomes more negative (c) water potential becomes more positive under certain conditions and more negative under other conditions (d) water potential is not affected by solute concentration (e) water potential is always zero when solutes are dissolved in water12TYU13TYU14TYUEVOLUTION LINK Like stems in general, some vines are herbaceous and others are woody. Tropical rain forests have a greater diversity of vines than in any other environment on Earth, and most of these vines are woody. Develop a hypothesis to explain why natural selection has favored the evolution of more species of woody vines (as opposed to herbaceous vines) in tropical rain forests.16TYU1LO2LO3LO4LO5LO1CIf you were examining a cross section of a primary root of a flowering plant, how would you determine whether it was a eudicot or a monocot?3C4C5C6C6LO1CDescribe the roles of weathering, organisms, climate, and topography in soil formation.8LODescribe how roots absorb positively charged mineral ions by the process of cation exchange.10LO11LO1C2C3C4C5C1TYU2TYU3TYU4TYU5TYU6TYU7TYU8TYUWhich of the following statements about soil is true? (a) pore spaces are always filled with about 50% air and 50% water (b) a single teaspoon of fertile agricultural soil may contain up to several hundred living microorganisms (c) the texture of a soil is determined by the soils pH (d) a soils organic matter includes litter, droppings, and the dead remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms (e) soil formation is unaffected by a regions climate or topographyCarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon are collectively known as (a) micronutrients (b) microvilli (c) micronuclei (d) macronuclei (e) macronutrients11TYUA mesquite root is found penetrating a mine shaft about 46 m (150 ft) below the surface of the soil. How could you determine when the root first grew into the shaft? (Hint: Mesquite is a woody plant.)13TYU14TYUEVOLUTION LINK A barrel cactus that is 60 cm tall and 30 cm in diameter has roots more than 3 m long. However, all the plants roots are found in the soil at a depth of 5 to 15 cm. What possible adaptive value does such a shallow root system confer on a desert plant?16TYU17TYU1LO2LO1C2C3C4CCompare the evolutionary adaptations that characterize flowers pollinated in different ways (by insects, birds, and bats).4LO1C2CGive three examples in which the relationship of a plant and its pollinators demonstrates coevolution.5LO6LOExplain the relationships among ovules, ovaries, seeds, and fruits.Distinguish among simple, aggregate, multiple, and accessory fruits.1CWhat are the main stages of eudicot embryonic development?3C4CWhat are some characteristics of animal-dispersed seeds and fruits?9LO1CHow does early seedling development differ in eudicots and monocots?Explain how the following structures may be used to propagate plants asexually: rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, corms, stolons, plantlets, and suckers.11LOHow are rhizomes and tubers involved in asexual reproduction?2C3C12LO1C2CThe normal order of whorls from the flowers periphery to the center is (a) sepals, petals, carpels, stamens (b) stamens, carpels, sepals, petals (c) sepals, petals, stamens, carpels (d) petals, carpels, stamens, sepals (e) carpels, stamens, petals, sepals2TYU3TYU4TYUThe process of _______________ in flowering plants involves one sperm cell fusing with an egg cell and one sperm cell fusing with two polar nuclei. (a) coevolution (b) germination (c) double fertilization (d) apomixis (e) pollinationThe nutritive tissue in the seeds of flowering plants that is formed from the union of a sperm cell and two polar nuclei is called the (a) plumule (b) endosperm (c) cotyledon (d) hypocotyl (e) radical7TYUIn plants that lack endosperm in their mature seeds, the cotyledons function to (a) enclose and protect the seed (b) aid in seed dispersal (c) serve as an absorptive embryonic root (d) store food reserves (e) attach the embryo within the ovule9TYUA horizontal underground stem that may or may not be fleshy and that is often specialized for asexual reproduction is called a (a) stolon (b) bulb (c) corm (d) rhizome (e) tuberPlace the following events in the correct order: 1. pollen tube grows into ovule 2. insect lands on flower to drink nectar 3. embryo develops within the seed 4. fertilization occurs 5. pollen carried by insect contacts stigma (a) 2, 5, 1, 4, 3 (b) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3 (c) 3, 2, 5, 1, 4 (d) 5, 1, 3, 4, 2 (e) 2, 5, 4, 3, 112TYU13TYU14TYUWhich type of reproduction, sexual or asexual, might be more beneficial in the following circumstances and why? (a) a perennial (plant that lives more than two years) in a stable environment (b) an annual (plant that lives one year) in a rapidly changing environment (c) a plant adapted to an extremely narrow climate range16TYU17TYU1LO1C2C2LO3LO4LO1C2CWhich hormones are involved in each of the following physiological processes: (1) seed germination, (2) stem elongation, (3) fruit ripening, (4) leaf abscission, and (5) seed dormancy?