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All Textbook Solutions for Biology (MindTap Course List)

9TYU Which sequence most accurately describes antibody-mediated immunity? 1. B cell divides and gives rise to clone 2. antibodies produced 3. cells differentiate and form plasmacells 4. activated T helper cell interacts with B cell displaying same antigen complex 5. B cell activated (a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (b) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 (c) 4, 5, 3, 2, 1 (d) 4, 5, 1,3, 2 (e) 4, 3, 1, 2, 5 VISUALIZE Label the following diagram and explain what this diagram illustrates.Specificity, diversity, and memory are key features of the immune system. Giving specific examples, explain how eachof these features is important.13TYU PREDICT A playmate in kindergarten exposes John and Jack to measles. John has been immunized against measles,but Jack has not received the measles vaccine. How are theirimmune responses different? Five years later, John and Jackare playing together when Judy, who is coming down withmeasles, sneezes on both of them. Is it probable that eitherJohn or Jack will become ill with measles?15TYU 16TYU Compare the advantages and disadvantages of air and water as mediums for gas exchange and describe adaptations for gas exchange in air.What are some advantages of gas exchange in air over gas exchange in water?Describe the following adaptations for gas exchange: body surface, tracheal tubes, gills, and lungs.Why are specialized respiratory structures necessary in a tadpole but not in a flatworm?How does gas exchange differ among the following animals: earthworm, grasshopper, fish, and bird?How does the countercurrent exchange system increase the efficiency of gas exchange between a fishs gills and blood?3LO 4LO 5LO Describe the regulation of breathing in humans and summarize the physiological effects of hyperventilation and of sudden decompression when a diver surfaces too quickly from deep water.What is the sequence of inhaled airflow through the respiratory structures in a mammal?2C 3C 4C 7LO 1C 2C Test Your Understanding 1. Which of the following is a benefit of gas exchange in air compared with gas exchange in water? (a) air has a higher concentration of molecular oxygen (b) oxygen diffuses more slowly in air (c) no energy is required for ventilation (d) moist respiratory surface is not needed (e) air is denser than water 2TYU 3TYU 4TYU Test Your Understanding 5. Which sequence most accurately describes the flow of air in the human respiratory system? 1. pharynx 2. bronchus 3. trachea 4. larynx 5. alveolus 6. Bronchiole (a) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5, 6 (b) 1,4, 3, 2, 5, 6 (c) 4, 1,3, 2, 6, 5 (d) 1, 4, 3, 2, 6, 5 (e) 1, 3, 4, 2, 6, 5 6TYU Test Your Understanding 7. According to Ficks law of diffusion, a gas will diffuse faster if the (a) surface is reduced (b) difference in pressure is decreased (c) difference in pressure is increased (d) pH is lowered (e) a and c 8TYU 9TYU 10TYU Test Your Understanding 11. VISUALIZE Draw and label a diagram illustrating the sequence of structures through which inhaled air travels to reach the alveoli.Test Your Understanding 12. EVOLUTION LINK What are the advantages of having millions of alveoli rather than a pair of simple, balloonlike lungs?Test Your Understanding 13. INTEREPT DATA Look at Figure 46-10b. How would strenuous muscle activity affect the oxygenhemoglobin dissociation curve? (Hint: How does muscular activity affect pH? See Chapter 40 if you need to review this concept.) Figure 46-10 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves Test Your Understanding 14. PREDICT What problems would be faced by a terrestrial animal having gills instead of lungs?15TYU EVOLUTION LINK Aquatic mammals such as whales and dolphins use lungs rather than gills for gas exchange. Propose a hypothesis to explain why.17TYU 1LO 1C 2C 3C 2LO 3LO Describe the structural adaptations that increase the surface area of the digestive tract.5LO Imagine that you have just taken a bite of a chicken sandwich. List in sequence the structures through which that food passes in its journey through the digestive system. What happens in each structure?How are villi in the small intestine functionally related to rugae in the stomach?What are the functions of each of the following: trypsin, bile salts, gastrin, lacteals?4C 6LO 7LO 1C 2C 3C Contrast basal metabolic rate with total metabolic rate; write the basic energy equation for maintaining body weight and describe the consequences of altering it in either direction.9LO 10LO 1C 2C How do melanocortins, neuropeptides Y (NPY), ghrelin, and leptin function to maintain energy balance?Test Your Understanding 1 Teeth adapted for crushing and grinding are (a) incisors (b) canines (c) premolars and molars (d) incisors and premolars (e) canines and molars 2TYU 3TYU Test Your Understanding 4 Arrange the following into the correct sequence. 1. Stomach 2. esophagus 3. pharynx 4. small intestine 5. colon (a) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 (b) 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 (c) 3, 2, 5, 1, 4 (d) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 (e) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 Test Your Understanding 5 Which sequence most accurately describes the digestion of protein? 1. small peptides 2. amino acid 3. protein 4. Polypeptide 5. glycerol (a) 4, 3, 1, 2 (b) 3, 4, 1, 2 (c) 3, 4, 1, 5 (d) 4, 3, 5, 1, 2 (e) 2, 1, 4, 5 6TYU Lipids are transported from the intestine to the liver by (a) chylomicrons (b) HDLs (c) LDLs (d) glycerol transporters (e) leptin Test Your Understanding 8 Most vitamins are (a) inorganic compounds (b) components of coenzymes (c) used as fuel (d) electrolytes (e) required by herbivores and carnivores but not omnivores 9TYU 10TYU 11TYU 12TYU 13TYU 14TYU 15TYU 1LO How does osmoregulation contribute to homeostasis?2C 2LO 1C What are the benefits of excreting nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid? in the form of urea?3LO Compare the structure and function of protonephridia, metanephridia, and Malpighian tubules.1C Relate the function of the vertebrate kidney to the success of vertebrates in a wide variety of habitats.Compare adaptations for osmoregulation in freshwater fishes, marine bony fishes, sharks, marine mammals, and terrestrial vertebrates.What type of osmoregulatory challenge is faced by marine fishes? by freshwater fishes? What mechanisms have evolved to meet these challenges?2C 7LO Describe (and label on a diagram) the structures of a nephron (including associated blood vessels) and give the functions of each structure.9LO 10LO 1C 2C VISUALIZE Draw a diagram showing the sequence of structures that a drop of glomerular filtrate passes through as it moves from Bowmans capsule to the urinary bladder.4C 1TYU 2TYU Test Your Understanding 3 To compensate for fluid loss, many marine bony fishes (a) accumulate urea (b) have glands that excrete glucose (c) eat a low-protein diet (d) excrete a large volume of hypertonic urine (e) drink sea water The afferent arteriole delivers blood to the (a) renal artery (b) efferent arteriole (c) renal vein (d) capillaries of the glomerulus (e) peritubular capillaries Which of the following does not contribute to the process of filtration? (a) active transport by epithelial cells lining renal tubules (b) large surface area for filtration (c) low permeability of glomerular capillaries (d) high hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerular capillaries (e) podocytes 6TYU Which of the following does not contribute to the high salt concentration in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla? (a) active transport of sodium from the upper part of the ascending limb (b) diffusion of salt from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle (c) reabsorption of salt from various regions of Bowmans capsule (d) counterflow of fluid through the two limbs of the loop of Henle (e) diffusion of urea out of the collecting duct Test Your Understanding 8 Which is not true of ADH? (a) released by posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (b) increases water reabsorption (c) secretion increases when osmotic pressure in body increases (d) increases urine volume (e) secretion decreases when you drink a lot of water 9TYU 10TYU Arrange the following structures into an accurate sequence through which glomerular filtrate passes. 1. proximal convoluted tubule 2. loop of Henle 3. collecting duct 4. distal convoluted tubule 5. Bowmans capsule (a) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (b) 3, 4, 2, 5, 1 (c) 1, 5, 2, 3, 4 (d) 5, 4, 2, 3, 1 (e) 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 Test Your Understanding 12 VISUALIZE Label the diagram.13TYU 14TYU EVOLUTION LINK The number of protonephridia in a planarian is related to the salinity of its environment. Planaria inhabiting slightly salty water develop fewer protonephridia than those inhabiting less salty water, but the number of protonephridia quickly increases when the concentration of salt in the environment is lower. How is this increase adaptive? Explain.Test Your Understanding 16 EVOLUTION LINK The kangaroo rats diet consists of dry seeds, and it drinks no water. What types of osmoregulatory adaptations might help this animal survive?Test Your Understanding 17 EVOLUTION LINK Although the kidney is basically similar in all vertebrates, its structure and function vary somewhat among vertebrate taxa. What are some of the adaptations that have occurred during the evolution of the vertebrate kidney?SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY A person with kidney disease lives 10 to 15 years longer with a kidney transplant than on continued dialysis. However, in the United States many individuals have difficulty being accepted by a transplant program because they do not have adequate insurance or other resources. The immunosuppressive drugs and other medications required after the surgery are also very expensive, costing about 2500 per month. Should economic status be a deciding factor about whether a person lives or dies? or about quality of life?1LO 2LO Identify four main chemical groups to which hormones assigned and give two examples for each group.1C 2C 3C 4C Compare four types of endocrine signaling.1C 2C 3C Compare the mechanism of action of small, lipid-soluble hormones with that of hydrophilic hormones; include the role of second messengers, such as cyclic AMP.1C 2C What is the mechanism of action of a hormone that cyclic AMP as a second messenger?6LO 1C 2C Identify the classical vertebrate endocrine glands and describe the actions of their hormones; describe the effects of hypersecretion and hyposecretion on homeostasis.8LO Describe the actions of the thyroid and parathyroid hormones, their regulation, and the effects of malfunction.Contrast the actions of insulin and glucagon, and describe diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia, including the metabolic effects of these discords.Describe the actions and regulation of the adrenal hormones, including their role in the bodys response to stress.1C 2C 3C 4C 5C A cell secretes a product that diffuses through the interstitial fluid and acts on nearby cells. This process is an example of (a) neuroendocrine secretion (b) autocrine signaling (c) paracrine signaling (d) classical endocrine regulation (e) peptide hormone function 2TYU 3TYU 4TYU 5TYU 6TYU 7TYU 8TYU 9TYU 10TYU 11TYU 12TYU 13TYU 14TYU 1LO Distinguish among budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.2C Relate the structure of each organ of the human male reproductive system to its function.Trace the passage of sperm cells through the human male reproductive system from their origin in the seminiferous tubules to their expulsion from the body in the semen; include a description of spermatogenesis.4LO 1C 2C 3C 4C 5LO Trace the development of a human egg and trace its passage through the female reproductive system until it is fertilized.Describe the endocrine regulation of reproduction in the human female and identify key events of the menstrual cycle, such as ovulation and menstruation.1C 2C 3C 8LO 1C 2C Which hormones most affect the birth process? What is the role of each?9LO 1C 10LO 1C 2C 3C 11LO 1C 2C Hermaphroditism (a) is a form of asexual reproduction (b) occurs when an unfertilized egg develops into an adult animal (c) is a form of sexual reproduction in which an animal produces both eggs and sperm (d) typically involves self-fertilization (e) typically requires only a male animal 2TYU 3TYU 4TYU 5TYU Test Your Understanding 6 After ovulation, the secondary oocyte enters the (a) oviduct (b) corpus luteum (c) cervix (d) ovary (e) vagina 7TYU 8TYU 9TYU Test Your Understanding 10 Which sequence best describes the passage of sperm? 1. urethra 2. vas deferens 3. epididymis 4. ejaculatory duct 5. seminiferous tubules (a) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 (b) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5 (c) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 (d) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5 (e) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5 11TYU Test Your Understanding 12 INTERPRET DATA Examine Figure 50-14. Which hormones are present in largest concentration just before ovulation? During which part of the menstrual cycle is the endometrium most prepared to receive an embryo? Which hormones stimulate thickening of the endometrium? Gonadotropic hormones and ovarian hormones regulate the monthly sequence of events that take place within the ovary and uterus. The preovulatory phase begins with menstruation; the postovulatory phase begins after ovulation. Figure 50-14 Endocrine regulation of the menstrual cycle When fertilization does not occur, the menstrual cycle repeats about every 28 days. Note the changes in hormone concentrations that regulate the menstrual cycle. (FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone) PREDICT What happens when a. womans ovaries produce a very low amount of estrogen?Test Your Understanding 13 EVOLUTION LINK Contrast the biological advantages of hermaphroditism that involves cross-fertilization with hermaphroditism that involves self-fertilization.14TYU Test Your Understanding 15 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Why do you think that a variety of effective methods of male contraception have not yet been developed? If you were a researcher, what are some approaches you might take to develop a method of male contraception?Test Your Understanding 16 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY The incidence of abortion has declined more in countries where abortions are legal (and safe) than in countries in which they are illegal (and unsafe). Can you suggest an explanation?1LO 2LO 1C 2C 3LO 4LO How do the mechanisms of fertilization ensure control of both quality (fertilization by a sperm of the same species) and quantity (fertilization by only one sperm)?2C 5LO Contrast early development, including cleavage, in the echinoderm (or in amphioxus), the amphibian, and the bird, paying particular attention to the importance of the amount and distribution of yolk.1C 2C How do the amount and distribution of cytoplasm in the fertilized egg influence early development?Identify the significance of gastrulation in the developmental process and compare gastrulation in the echinoderm (or in amphioxus), the amphibian, and the bird.1C How do the amount and distribution of yolk influence gastrulation?8LO 9LO 1C 2C 3C Give the origins and functions of the chorion, amnion, allantois, and yolk sac.What are the roles of the chorion and amnion in terrestrial vertebrate embryos?What are the functions of the allantois and yolk sac in birds? Do they have comparable roles in mammals? Explain your answer.11LO 12LO 1C How does the placenta form, and what is its function?During which trimester does the cerebrum develop convolutions? When do the limb buds begin to differentiate?4C The mechanism that leads directly to morphogenesis is (a) differential gene expression (b) pattern formation (c) nuclear equivalence (d) cell differentiation (e) cell determination 2TYU 3TYU 4TYU Meroblastic cleavage is typical of embryos formed from __________ eggs, (a) moderately telolecithal (b) highly telolecithal (c) isolecithal (d) b and c (e) a, b, and c 6TYU Which of the following are mismatched? (a) endoderm; lining of the digestive tube (b) ectoderm; circulatory system (c) mesoderm; notochord (d) mesoderm; reproductive system (e) ectoderm; sense organs 8TYU An unidentified substance (or substances) released from the developing notochord causes the overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate. This phenomenon is known as (a) activation (b) determination (c) induction (d) implantation (e) mosaic development Which of the following consists of both fetal and maternal tissues? (a) umbilical cord (b) placenta (c) amnion (d) allantois (e) yolk sac 11TYU 12TYU 13TYU 14TYU 15TYU 16TYU 17TYU 1LO 2LO In what ways are the behaviors of Philanthus, the sand wasp, adaptive?2C 3C 3LO 1C 2C 4LO 5LO 1C What is the difference between directional orientation and navigation?6LO 1C 2C 7LO Describe common modes of animal communication, including signaling by pheromones.9LO 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 10LO 1C 2C 3C 4C 11LO 1C 2C 12LO 1C 2C 3C 1TYU 2TYU 3TYU 4TYU 5TYU Chemical signals that convey information among members of a species are (a) pheromones (b) hormones (c) neurotransmitters (d) leks (e) neuropeptides 7TYU Sexual selection (a) occurs mainly among animals that practice polyandry (b) occurs when animals are very similar in their ability to compete for mates (c) results in animals that have lower direct fitness (d) occurs mainly among animals that practice polygyny (e) is a form of natural selection 9TYU 10TYU Kin selection (a) increases inclusive fitness through the breeding success of close relatives (b) is a way of perpetuating genes of nonrelatives (c) accounts for some forms of migration (d) typically involves mate guarding (e) involves ornamental displays and use of a lek 12TYU

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