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All Textbook Solutions for Biology (MindTap Course List)
3LO4LO5LOWhat are the major groups of organisms that belong to each of the three domains? In which domain and kingdom would you classify each of the following: white willow, the bacterium Escherichia coli, tapeworm, and black bread mold?In what specific ways does a cladogram give us information about the evolutionary relationships of groups of organisms?3CCritically review the difficulties encountered in choosing taxonomic criteria.Apply the concept of shared derived characters to the classification of organisms.8LOContrast monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic taxa.How are shared ancestral characters and shared derived characters different? How is the concept of homology related to these concepts?Why dont shared ancestral characters provide evidence for relationships between organisms within a taxon that has those traits? Give an example.How is molecular biology contributing to the science of systematics?Systematisms prefer to recognize monophyletic taxa rather than polyphyletic taxa. Why?Contrast the traditional classification with the current classification of reptiles and birds.Describe the construction of a cladogram by using outgroup analysis.12LOIn what way do systematists use shared derived characters in their work?2C3CDescribe how phylogenetic information applied to problems in other disciplines.1CTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 1. The mold that produces penicillin is Penicillium notatum. Penicillium is the name of its (a) genus (b) order (c) family (d) species (e) specific epithet2TYUTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 3. Each branching point in a cladogram (a) is called a root (b) represents a clade (c) represents the divergence of two or more groups from a common ancestor (d) represents horizontal gene transfer (e) marks the divergence of two kingdomsTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 4. The presence of homologous structures in two different groups of organisms suggests that (a) the organisms evolved from a common ancestor (b) convergent evolution has occurred (c) they belong to a polyphyletic group (d) homoplasy has occurred (e) independently acquired characters may evolve when organisms inhabit similar environments5TYU6TYU7TYU8TYUTest Your Understanding Apply and Analyze 9. In interpreting a cladogram, (a) we can identify the specific ancestor of each taxon by tracing each branch back to the node closest to the root (b) taxa on the right side of a cladogram have evolved from the taxa on the left side (c) the relative placement of smaller branches allows us to determine the number of years since a particular taxon has evolved (d) we can determine relationships by tracing along the branches back to the most recent common ancestor (e) we must first identify horizontal gene transfer10TYU11TYU12TYU13TYUTest Your Understanding Evaluate and Synthesize 14. VISUALIZE construct a cladogram based on the following data. Mosses are plants with no vascular tissue. Horse-tails, ferns, gymnosperms (pines and other plants with naked seeds), and angiosperms (flowering plants) are all vascular plants. Seeds are absent in all but the gymnosperms and angiosperms. Angiosperms are the only seed plants with flowers. (Hint: To help you construct the cladogram, draw a simple table showing which characters are present in each group. See Fig. 23-9.) Figure 23-9 Constructing a cladogram using outgroup analysis15TYUContrast a virus with a cellular organism.2LO1CWhat are the structural components of a virus?3LO1C4LO5LO1C2C6LO7LO1C2C3CTrace the evolutionary origin of viruses according to current hypotheses and describe research regarding the evolution of polydnaviruses.1C2CCompare satellites, viroids, prions, and defective interfering particles (DIPs).1CThe genome of a virus consists of (a) DNA (b) RNA (c) prions (d) DNA and RNA (e) DNA or RNA2TYU3TYUTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 4. In lysogenic conversion, (a) bacterial cells may exhibit new properties (b) the host cell dies (c) prions sometimes convert to viroids (d) reverse transcriptase transcribes DNA into RNA (e) lytic viruses become temperate5TYU6TYU7TYU8TYUArrange the following list into the correct sequence for viral reproduction: 1. penetration 2. assembly 3. replication 4. attachment 5. release (a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (b) 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 (c) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 (e) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5Arrange the following list into the correct sequence for part of the cycle of a retrovirus: 1. dsDNA integrated into host DNA 2.viral proteins synthesized on host ribosomes 3. viral DNA uses host enzymes to transcribe viral RNA 4. reverse transcriptase catalyzes synthesis of ssDNA 5. synthesis of second DNA strand (a) 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 (b) 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 (c) 4, 5, 1, 3, 2 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 (e) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5VISUALIZE What does this diagram illustrate? Complete the labels.12TYU13TYU14TYU15TYU16TYUDescribe the structure and common shapes of prokaryotic cells.2LO3LO1C2C3CDescribe asexual reproduction in prokaryotes and summarize three mechanisms (transformation, transduction, and conjugation) that may lead to genetic recombination.State specific factors that contribute to the rapid evolution of bacteria and archaea.1C2C3CDescribe the principal modes by which prokaryotes carry on nutrition and energy capture, and compare their requirements for oxygen.1C2C3CCompare characteristics of the three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.8LO9LO1C2C10LO11LO1C2C3C4C12LO13LOWhy are Kochs postulates important?2CPeptidoglycan is a chemical compound found in the cell walls of (a) most viroids (b) most archaea (c) all prokaryotes (d) most bacteria (e) most eukaryaBacterial flagella (a) are homologous with eukaryotic flagella (b) exhibit a rotary motion (c) consist of a basal body and nine pairs of microtubules (d) are important in transduction (e) are characteristic of gram-positive bacteria3TYUIn conjugation, (a) two bacterial cells of different mating types come together, and genetic material is transferred from one to another (b) a bacterial cell develops a bulge that enlarges and eventually separates from the mother cell (c) fragments of DNA released by a broken cell are taken in by another bacterial cell (d) a phage carries bacterial genes from one bacterial cell into another (e) walls develop in the cell, which then divides into several new cellsThe majority of heterotrophic bacteria are (a) free-living chemoheterotrophs (b) photoautotrophs (c) chemo-autotrophs (d) facultative anaerobes (e) obligate anaerobesBacteria that are autotrophs (a) do not require atmospheric oxygen for cellular respiration (b) must obtain organic compounds from other organisms (c) manufacture their own organic molecules from simple raw materials (d) get their nourishment from dead organisms (e) produce endospores when oxygen levels are too low for active growthBacteria that thrive in puncture wounds are likely to be (a) aerobes (b) photoautotrophs (c) chemoautotrophs (d) endospores (e) obligate anaerobesWhich of the following do not belong to domain Archaea? (a) prokaryotes that produce methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen (b) thermophiles (c) halophiles (d) bacteriophages (e) prokaryotes with cell walls that lack peptidoglycan9TYURobert Koch (a) proposed a set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms (b) discovered Helicobacter (c) showed that biofilms consist of microorganisms (d) proposed a hypothesis for antibiotic resistance (e) demonstrated that people can be stimulated to develop immunity to diseaseWhich group of bacteria contains the gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that causes botulism? (a) clostridia (b) actino-mycetes (c) enterobacteria (d) spirochetes (e) streptococciVISUALIZE Label the diagram.13TYUWhat would be the consequences for eukaryotes if all prokaryotes suddenly became extinct?15TYU16TYUDiscuss in general terms the diversity inherent in protists, including means of locomotion, modes of nutrition, interactions with other organisms, habitats, and modes of reproduction.How do protists vary in their means of obtaining nutrients?What are some of the ways protists interact with other organisms?Discuss the hypothesis of serial endosymbiosis and briefly explain some of the evidence that supports it.3LOHow does serial endosymbiosis explain the origin of chloroplasts?2C4LOWhat cell organelle is atypical in excavates?Give an example of a human disease caused by each of the following: diplomonads, parabasilids, and trypanosomes.5LO6LO7LO1C2CWhich water mold has influenced human history? Explain your answer.What is the ecological significance of the diatoms? The brown algae?Describe the forams and actinopods, and explain why many biologists classify them in the rhizarian supergroup.1C9LO1C10LOWhat features distinguish the amoebozoa from the rhizarians?2CTest Your Understanding 1. Which of the following is not true of the protists? (a) they are unicellular, colonial, coenocytic, or simple multicellular organisms (b) their cilia and flagella have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules (c) they are prokaryotic, as bacteria and archaea are (d) some are free-living, and some are endosymbionts (e) most are aquatic and live in the ocean or in freshwater pondsMolecular evidence supports the view that all plastids evolved from an ancient (a) cyanobacterium (b) archaean (c) diplomonad (d) apicomplexan (e) unikont3TYU4TYU5TYU6TYU7TYU8TYUKelps are _______________ with multicellular bodies differentiated into blades, stipes, holdfasts, and gas-filled floats. (a) golden algae (b) diatoms (c) euglenoids (d) brown algae (e) red algae10TYU11TYU12TYUEVOLUTION LINK Why are the protists considered paraphyletic? Use Figure 26-3 to help explain your answer.14TYU15TYUDiscuss some environmental challenges of living on land and describe how several plant adaptations meet these challenges.Name the green algal group from which plants are hypothesized to have descended and describe supporting evidence.1C2C3C4CSummarize the features that distinguish bryophytes from other plants.Name and briefly describe the three phyla of bryophytes.Describe the life cycle of mosses and compare their gametophyte and sporophyte generations.1CHow are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts similar? How is each group distinctive?Discuss the features that distinguish seedless vascular plants from algae and bryophytes.Name and briefly describe the two phyla of seedless vascular plants.Describe the life cycle of ferns and compare their sporophyte and gametophyte generations.Compare the generalized life cycles of homosporous and heterosporous plants.1C2CWhich of the following are parts of the sporophyte generation in ferns: frond, sperm cells, egg cell, roots, sorus, sporangium, spores, prothallus, rhizome, antheridium, archegonium, and zygote?Why are whisk ferns and horsetails now classified as ferns?How does heterospory modify the plant life cycle?Plants probably descended from a group of green algae called (a) rhyniophytes (b) Calamites (c) epiphytes (d) charophytes (e) club mossesWhich of the following is not a characteristic of plants? (a) cuticle (b) unicellular gametangia (c) stomata (d) multicellular embryo (e) alternation of generationsIn plant life cycles, (a) the first products of meiosis are gametes (b) spores are part of the diploid sporophyte generation (c) the embryo gives rise to a zygote (d) the first stage in the diploid sporophyte generation is the zygote (e) the first stage in the haploid gametophyte generation is the prothallusThe bryophytes (a) include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts (b) include whisk ferns, horsetails, and club mosses (c) are small plants that lack a vascular system (d) a and c (e) b and cThe waxy layer that covers aerial parts of plants is the (a) cuticle (b) archegonium (c) protonema (d) stoma (e) thallus6TYU7TYUKnow and Comprehend 8. The green, gametangia-bearing moss plant (a) is the haploid gametophyte generation (b) is the diploid sporophyte generation (c) is called a protonema (d) contains cells with single large chloroplasts (e) b and c9TYUKnow and Comprehend 10. These plants have vascularized stems but lack true roots and leaves. (a) mosses (b) club mosses (c) horsetails (d) whisk ferns (e) hornwortsKnow and Comprehend 11. These plants have hollow, jointed stems that are impregnated with silica. (a) mosses (b) club mosses (c) horsetails (d) whisk ferns (e) hornwortsKnow and Comprehend 12. Which of the following statements about ferns is not true? (a) ferns have motile sperm cells that swim through water to the egg-containing archegonium (b) ferns are vascular plants (c) ferns are the most economically important group of bryophytes (d) the fern sporophyte consists of a rhizome, roots, and fronds (e) the diversity of ferns is greatest in the tropicsApply and Analyze 13. VISUALIZE Draw a simple diagram illustrating a heterosporous life cycle. Include the sporophyte generation, megaspore, female gametophyte, egg, microspore, male gametophyte, sperm, meiosis, and fertilization. Be sure to indicate whether each generation or kind of cell is haploid or diploid.Evaluate and Synthesize 14. EVOLUTION LINK How may the following trends in plant evolution be adaptive to living on land? (a) dependence on water for fertilization no need for water as a transport medium (b) homospory heterosporyEvaluate and Synthesize 15. INTERPRET DATA According to the cladogram in Figure 27-5, which plants evolved first: nonvascular bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, or seed plants?Evaluate and Synthesize 16. EVOLUTION LINK Where would you position the rhyniophytes on Figure 27-13? Would the line for rhyniophytes extend to the tips of the rest of the cladogram? Why or why not?1LO1C2CTrace the steps in the life cycle of a pine and compare its sporophyte and gametophyte generations.Summarize the features that distinguish gymnosperms from bryophytes and ferns.Name and briefly describe the four phyla of gymnosperms.What is the dominant generation in the pine life cycle? How does pollination occur in gymnosperms?2C3C4CSummarize the features that distinguish flowering plants from other plants.Briefly explain the life cycle of a flowering plant and describe double fertilization.Contrast monocots and eudicots, the two largest classes of flowering plants.8LOHow do nonreproductive adaptations of flowering plants differ from those of gymnosperms?How does the flowering plant life cycle differ from that of the gymnosperms?What are the two major classes of flowering plants, and how can one distinguish between them?4CSummarize the evolution of gymnosperms from seedless vascular plants and trace the evolution of flowering plants from gymnosperms.What features distinguish progymnosperms from seed ferns?Describe the significant features of the oldest known fossil angiosperm.Are monocots considered basal or core angiosperms? Explain your answer.Test Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 1. Seed plants lack which of the following structure(s)? (a) ovules surrounded by integuments (b) microspores and megaspores (c) vascular tissues (d) a large, nutritionally independent sporophyte (e) a large, nutritionally independent gametophyteTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 2. Conifers, cycads. ginkgo, and gnetophytes are collectively called (a) club mosses (b) gymnosperms (c) angiosperms (d) eudicots (e) seedless vascular plantsTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 3. The immature male gametophytes of pine are called (a) ovules (b) stamens (c) seed cones (d) pollen grains (e) polar nuclei4TYUTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 5. Motile sperm cells are found as vestiges in these two gymnosperm groups: (a) monocots, eudicots (b) gnetophytes, conifers (c) gnetophytes, flowering plants (d) cycads, conifers (e) cycads, ginkgoTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 6. There are at least _______________ species of flowering plants worldwide. (a) 300 (b) 3000 (c) 30,000 (d) 300,000 (e) 3,000,000Test Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 7. A simple pistil consists of a single (a) calyx (b) carpel (c) ovule (d) filament (e) petalTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 8. A flower that lacks stamens is both _______________ and _______________. (a) complete; imperfect (b) incomplete; perfect (c) complete; perfect (d) incomplete; imperfectTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 9. After fertilization, the______________ develop(s) into a fruit and the ______________ develop(s) into a seed. (a) ovary; ovule (b) polar nuclei; ovule (c) ovary; endosperm (d) ovule; ovary (e) ovule; polar nuclei10TYUTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 11. This flowering plant may be the nearest living relative to the ancestor of all flowering plants, (a) Amborella (b) Archaeopteris (c) Gnetum (d) water lily (e) magnolia12TYUTest Your Understanding Apply and Analyze 13. You are given a plant that you have never seen before (see figure). Is it a gymnosperm or angiosperm? A monocot or eudicot? What are the features that helped you make these determinations?VISUALIZE Sketch a seed of a gymnosperm and of a monocot. Label the embryo, seed coat, and nutritive tissue (giving its specific name). Indicate the ploidy of each structure (haploid, diploid, or triploid).CONNECT How do the life cycles of seedless plants (see Chapter 27) and seed plants differ? In what fundamental ways are they alike?16TYUTest Your Understanding Evaluate and Synthesize 17. EVOLUTION LINK Contrast the algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms with respect to their dependence on water as a transport medium for reproductive cells. Suggest a hypothesis to explain how the differences might be adaptive to living on land.Test Your Understanding Evaluate and Synthesize 18. EVOLUTION LINK Where would you place the progymnosperms on Figure 28-2? Explain your reasoning. Figure 28-2 Gymnosperm and angiosperm evolution This cladogram shows a current hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among living seed plants, based on structural evidence, molecular comparisons, and fossils. Relationships among extant gymnosperm clades and angiosperms remain controversial. The arrangement of the phyla shown here may change as future analyses help clarify relationships.1LO2LO1CHow does the body of a yeast differ from that of a mold?3LOHow is a diploid cell different from a dikaryotic cell?2C4LO5LO6LO1C2C3C4CSummarize the ecological significance of fungi as decomposers.Describe the important ecological role of mycorrhizae.9LOWhat is the ecological importance of fungal decomposers?2C3C10LO11LO1C2C1TYU2TYU3TYU4TYU5TYU6TYU7TYU8TYU9TYU10TYU11TYU12TYU13TYU14TYU15TYU16TYU17TYU1LO1CCompare the advantages and disadvantages of life in the ocean, in fresh water, and on land.What are some advantages of marine environments over freshwater and terrestrial habitats?2C3LO1C2C3CDescribe how biologists use morphology (including variations in body symmetry, number of tissue layers, and type of body cavity) and patterns of early development to infer relationships among animal phyla.Cite specific examples of how data from molecular systematics have confirmed or modified traditional animal phylogeny and identify the three major clades of bilateral animals.1CWhat are some differences between protostomes and deuterostomes?3CWhich of the following is not a characteristic of all animals? (a) heterotrophic (b) multicellular (c) eukaryotic (d) presence of a coelom (e) formation of a zygote that undergoes cleavageWhich of the following is not an adaptation to terrestrial living? (a) internal fertilization (b) shell surrounding egg (c) adaptations for maintaining body temperature (d) surface for gas exchange deep in body (e) ability to maintain locationThe Cambrian radiation (a) occurred during the late Cambrian period (b) was a rapid evolution of new animal body plans during the middle Cambrian (c) was a result of prokaryotic and eukaryotic migration to many new regions (d) is supported by the great variety of Ediacaran fossils (e) b and cThe germ layer that gives rise to the outer covering of the body and the nervous system is the (a) blastula (b) ectoderm (c) gastrula (d) endoderm (e) mesoderm5TYU6TYU7TYU8TYU9TYU10TYU11TYU