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All Textbook Solutions for Biology (MindTap Course List)
13TYUINTERPRET DATA Look at the two graphs in Figure 52-21. In which experiment did the parentals in the experimental group guard the eggs more closely? In which experiment did the experimental parentals guard the young more closely? Account for these differences. RESULTS: Experiment 1: As indicated on the y-axis, which measures level of parental care, parentals reduced their level of guarding the eggs. Eight of the males in the experimental group abandoned their nests, and egg defense was significantly lower in this group compared with that in the control group. However, after eggs hatched, there was little difference in parental care of the young between the two groups. Experiment 2: During the egg phase, there was little difference in level of parental care between experimental and control groups. However, after eggs hatched, the experimental parentals significantly decreased their level of guarding the nest. CONCLUSION: Male bluegill sunfish adjust their level of parental care according to their level of perceived paternity. In Experiment 1, parentals provided less care when they perceived that the eggs may have been fertilized by sneaker males. After the eggs hatched, olfactory cues indicated that the offspring were indeed their own, and their level of care increased. In Experiment 2, parentals cared for the eggs even though some had been swapped. However, after they hatched, olfactory cues from the offspring indicated that they were not the parentals own offspring. The level of parental care decreased significantly. SOURCE: B.D. Neff, Nature, Vol. 422 (April 17, 2003): 716719. Figure 52-21 Decisions about parental care15TYUHow is the society of a social insect different from human society? What are some similarities between the transmission of information by heredity and by culture? What are some differences?EVOLUTION LINK What might be the adaptive value of sea turtle migration?SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Consider how the adaptive value of sea turtle migration has changed if, as a result of human activities, migration now puts sea turtles at greater risk than if they restricted their habitat to a single location. Discuss the possible evolutionary mechanisms by which the behavior of these species may (or may not) adapt to these environmental pressures. What conservation efforts should we take to increase the probability of successful migration?Define population density and dispersion, and describe the main types of population dispersion.What is the difference between population density and dispersion?What are some biological advantages of a clumped dispersion? What are some disadvantages?2LODefine intrinsic rate of increase and carrying capacity, and explain the differences between J-shaped and S-shaped growth curves.1C2C3CContrast the influences of density-dependent and density-independent factors on population size and give examples of each.What are three examples of density-dependent factors that affect population growth?What are three density-independent factors?Contrast semelparous and iteroparous reproduction.Distinguish among species exhibiting an r strategy, those with a K strategy, and those that do not easily fit either category.7LOWhat are the advantages of semelparity? of iteroparity? Are there disadvantages?2C3C8LO1C9LO10LODistinguish between people overpopulation and consumption overpopulation.1C2CHow can a single child born in the United States have a greater effect on the environment and natural resources than a dozen children born in Kenya?Population _______________ is the number of individuals of a species per unit of habitat area or volume at a given time. (a) dispersion (b) density (c) survivorship (d) age structure (e) demographicsThe per capita growth rate of a population where dispersal is not a factor is expressed as (a) i + e (b) b d (c) dN/dt (d) rN(K N) (e) (K N) KThe maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions is known as its (a) total fertility rate (b) survivorship (c) intrinsic rate of increase (d) doubling time (e) age structureWhen r is a positive number, the population size is (a) stable (b) increasing (c) decreasing (d) either increasing or decreasing, depending on interference competition (e) either increasing or stable, depending on whether the species is semelparousIn a graph of population size versus time, a J-shaped curve is characteristic of (a) exponential population growth (b) logistic population growth (c) zero population growth (d) replacement-level fertility (e) population growth momentumThe largest population that can be maintained by a particular environment for an indefinite period is known as a (a) semelparous population (b) population undergoing exponential growth (c) metapopulation (d) populations carrying capacity (e) source populationGiant bamboos live many years without reproducing, then send up a huge flowering stalk and die shortly thereafter. Giant bamboo is therefore an example of (a) iteroparity (b) a source population (c) a metapopulation (d) an r strategist (e) semelparityPredation, disease, and competition are examples of _______________ factors. (a) density-dependent (b) density-independent (c) survivorship (d) dispersal (e) semelparous_______________ competition occurs within a population, and _______________ competition occurs among populations of different species. (a) Interspecific; intraspecific (b) Intraspecific; interspecific (c) Type I survivorship; Type II survivorship (d) Interference; exploitation (e) Exploitation; interference10TYU11TYUWhich of the following patterns of cars parked along a street is an example of uniform dispersion? (a) five cars parked next to one another in the middle, leaving two empty spaces at one end and three empty spaces at the other end (b) five cars parked in this pattern: car, empty space, car, empty space, and so on (c) five cars parked in no discernible pattern, sometimes having empty spaces on each side and sometimes parked next to another car13TYU14TYU15TYU16TYU17TYU18TYU19TYUINTERPRET DATA Consider the age structure diagrams for counties (a) and (b). Which diagram is consistent with negative growth momentum? Why? KEYSCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY In what ways has technology contributed to consumption overpopulation? Can you propose some applications of technology that might help alleviate its effects?Define ecological niche and distinguish between an organisms fundamental niche and its realized niche.Define competition and distinguish between interspecific and intraspecific competition.Summarize the concept of the competitive exclusion principle, resource partitioning, and character displacement.Define predation and describe the effects of natural selection on predatorprey relationships.Distinguish among mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, and give examples of each,How are acorns, gypsy moths, and Lyme disease related?Why is an organisms realized niche usually narrower, or more restricted, than its fundamental niche?Which principle of community ecology is illustrated by the following example: Two closely related species of small fish occupy the upper two feet of water when they occur in separate ponds, but if they are in the same pond, species a is more often found in the uppermost foot, and species b in the foot below.Name the three kinds of symbiosis and give an example of each.6LO7LO1C2CSummarize the main determinants of species richness in a community and relate species richness to community stability.9LO1C2C3CDefine succession and distinguish between primary and secondary succession.11LO12LO1C2C3CA symbiotic association in which organisms are beneficial to one another is known as (a) predation (b) interspecific competition (c) intraspecific competition (d) commensalism (e) mutualismA species __________ is the totality of its adaptations, its use of resources, and its lifestyle. (a) habitat (b) ecotone (c) ecological niche (d) competitive exclusion (e) coevolution3TYUThe tendency for two similar species to differ from each other more markedly in areas where they occur together is known as (a) Mllerian mimicry (b) Batesian mimicry (c) resource partitioning (d) competitive exclusion (e) character displacementCompetition with other species helps determine an organisms (a) ecotone (b) fundamental niche (c) realized niche (d) limiting resource (e) ecosystemComplete competitors cannot coexist is a statement of the principle of (a) primary succession (b) limiting resources (c) Mllerian mimicry (d) competitive exclusion (e) character displacement7TYUThe _______________ signifies that species richness is greater where two communities meet than at the center of either community. (a) edge effect (b) fundamental niche (c) character displacement (d) realized niche (e) limiting resourceAn unpalatable species demonstrates its threat to potential predators by displaying (a) character displacement (b) limiting resources (c) cryptic coloration (d) aposematic coloration (e) competitive exclusionA limiting resource does all the following except that it (a) tends to restrict the ecological niche of a species (b) is in short supply relative to a species need for it (c) limits the presence of a species in a given community (d) results in an intermediate disturbance (e) may be limiting for only part of an organisms life cycleAn ecologist studying several forest-dwelling, insect-eating bird species does not find any evidence of interspecific competition. The most likely explanation is (a) lack of a keystone species (b) low species richness (c) pronounced intraspecific competition (d) coevolution of predatorprey strategies (e) resource partitioningSupport for the individualistic model of community structure includes (a) the decline of honeybees because of two species of parasitic mites (b) the identification of fig trees as a keystone species in tropical forests (c) the competitive exclusion of one Paramecium species by another (d) the distribution of trees along a moisture gradient in Wisconsin forests (e) the effects of the removal of a dominant rodent species from an Arizona desert13TYUMany plants that produce nodules for nitrogen-fixing bacteria are common on disturbed sites. Explain how these plants might simultaneously compete with and facilitate other plant species.EVOLUTION LINK The rough-skinned newt, which lives in western North America, stores a poison in its skin and is avoided by predators. However, several populations of garter snakes have undergone one or a few mutations that enable them to tolerate the toxin, and these snakes eat the newts with no ill effects. How has natural selection affected this predatorprey relationship? Based on what you have learned about evolutionary arms races, predict what may happen to the newts and the poison-resistant garter snakes over time.EVOLUTION LINK Competition is an important part of Darwins scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, and the evolution of features that reduce competition increases a populations overall fitness. Relate this idea to character displacement and resource partitioning in Darwins finches.INTERPRET DATA Examine the top and middle graphs in Figure 54-5. Are these examples of exponential or logistic population growth? Where is K in each graph? (You may need to refer to Chapter 53 to answer these questions.) RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The top and middle graphs show how each species of Paramecium flourishes when grown alone. The bottom graph shows how they grow together, in competition with each other. In a mixed culture, P. aurelia outcompetes P. caudatum, resulting in competitive exclusion. SOURCE: Adapted from G.F. Gause, The Struggle for Existence (Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1934). Figure 54-5 G.F. Gauses classic experiment on interspecific competitionSCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Describe the ecological niche of humans. How have science and technology changed our realized niche during the past 1000 years?Summarize the concept of energy flow through a food web.Explain typical pyramids of numbers, biomass, and energy.Distinguish between gross primary productivity and primary productivity.VISUALIZE Draw a diagram tracing energy flow through a food web such as one found in a deciduous forest.What are trophic levels, and how are they related to ecological pyramids?How do gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) differ?Describe the main steps in each of these biogeochemical cycles: the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and hydrologic cycles.What are the roles of the following processes in the carbon cycle: photosynthesis, cellular respiration, combustion, and erosion?VISUALIZE Draw a diagram showing the five steps in the nitrogen cycle and explain what happens in each step.How does the phosphorus cycle proceed without a gaseous component?Summarize the effects of solar energy on Earths temperatures.Discuss the roles of solar energy and the Coriolis effect in the generation of global air and water flow patterns.Give two causes of regional precipitation differences.Discuss the effects of fire on certain ecosystems.What basic forces determine the circulation of the atmosphere?What basic forces produce the main ocean currents?3CBriefly describe some of the long-term ecological research conducted at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest.1CThe movement of matter is _______________ in ecosystems, and the movement of energy is _________________. (a) linear; linear (b) linear; cyclic (c) cyclic; cyclic (d) cyclic; linear (e) cyclic; linear or cyclicA complex of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem iscalled (a) an ecosystem (b) a pyramid of numbers (c) a pyramid of biomass (d) a biosphere (e) a food webThe quantitative estimate of the total amount of living material is called (a) biomass (b) energy flow (c) gross primary productivity (d) plant respiration (e) net primary productivityWhich of the following equations shows the relationship between gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP)? (a) GPP = NPP - photosynthesis (b) NPP =GPP -photosynthesis (c) GPP = NPP - plant respiration (d) NPP =GPP -plant respiration (e) NPP = GPP - animal respirationWhich of the following processes increase(s) the amount of atmospheric carbon in the carbon cycle? (a) photosynthesis (b) cellular respiration (c) combustion (d) a and c (e) b and cIn the nitrogen cycle, gaseous nitrogen is converted to ammonia during (a) nitrogen fixation (b) nitrification (c) assimilation (d) ammonification (e) denitrificationTest Your Understanding 7. The conversion of ammonia to nitrate, known as _______, is a two-step process performed by soil bacteria. (a) nitrogen fixation (b) nitrification (c) assimilation (d) ammonification (e) denitrificationWhich biogeochemical cycle does not have a gaseous component but cycles from the land to sediments in the ocean and back to the land? (a) carbon cycle (b) nitrogen cycle (c) phosphorus cycle (d) hydrologic cycle (e) neither a nor c has a gaseous componentTest Your Understanding 9. Which of the following processes is not directly involved in the hydrologic cycle? (a) transpiration (b) evaporation (c) precipitation (d) nitrification (e) condensationTest Your Understanding 10 The periodic warming of surface waters of the tropical eastern Pacific that alters both oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns is known as (a) upwelling (b) prevailing wind (c) ocean current (d) El NioSouthern Oscillation (e) Coriolis effectTest Your Understanding 11 A mountain range may produce a downwind arid (a) upwelling (b) rain shadow (c) ocean current (d) microclimate (e) ecological pyramidVISUALIZE Draw the simplest stable ecosystem you can imagine.PREDICT How might a food web change if all decomposers were eliminated from it?Why is the cycling of matter essential to the long-term continuance of life?What would happen to the nitrogen cycle if all bacteria were absent? Explain your answer.Test Your Understanding 16 Would the microclimate of an ant be the same as that of an elephant living in the same area? Why or why not?Test Your Understanding 17 INTERPRET DATA Examine Figure 55-3b (shown here). Explain why this pyramid of biomass is inverted. In other words, how can 4 g of producers support 21 g of primary consumers?INTERTRET DATA Scientists have compiled databases of large forest wildfires in the western United States and compared them to climate and land-surface data. Examine the graph showing wildfire frequency compared to average springsummer temperature. Do you see a correlation? If so, describe it. Based on these data, do you think that climate warming is causing more wildfires? Explain your answer.SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY How do humans alter the nitrogen cycle, and what can scientists, engineers, and the public do to mitigate the damage?Define biome and briefly describe the nine major terrestrial biomes, giving attention to the climate, soil, and characteristic plants and animals of each.Describe at least one human effect on each of the biomes discussed.What climate and soil factors produce the major biomes?What representative organisms are found in each of these forest biomes: boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate rain forest, and tropical rain forest?How does tundra compare to desert? How does temperate grassland compare to savanna?Explain the important environmental factors that affect aquatic ecosystems.4LOBriefly describe the various freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems, giving attention to the environmental characteristics and representative organisms of each.Describe at least one human effect on each of the aquatic ecosystems discussed.1C2CHow do you distinguish between freshwater wetlands and estuaries? between flowing-water and standing-water ecosystems?4CWhich aquatic ecosystem is often compared to tropical rain forests? Why?7LO1C8LO1C2CThe northernmost biome, known as __________, typically has little precipitation, a short growing season, and permafrost. (a) chaparral (b) boreal forest (c) tundra (d) northern deciduous forest (e) savannaForests of the northeastern and middle Atlantic United States, which have broad-leaf hardwood trees that lose their foliage annually, are called (a) temperate deciduous forests (b) tropical dry forests (c) boreal forests (d) temperate rain forests (e) tropical rain forestsThe deepest, richest soil in the world occurs in (a) temperate rain forest (b) tropical rain forest (c) savanna (d) temperate grassland (e) chaparralThis biome, with its thicket of evergreen shrubs and small trees, is found in areas with Mediterranean climates. (a) temperate rain forest (b) tropical rain forest (c) savanna (d) temperate grassland (e) chaparralThis biome is a tropical grassland interspersed with widely spaced trees. (a) temperate rain forest (b) tropical rain forest (c) savanna (d) temperate grassland (e) chaparralThis biome has the greatest species richness, (a) temperate rain forest (b) tropical rain forest (c) savanna (d) temperate grassland (e) chaparral7TYUEmergent vegetation grows in the __________ zone of freshwater lakes, (a) littoral (b) limnetic (c) profundal (d) neritic (e) intertidalThe _______________ is open ocean from the shoreline to a depth of 200 m. (a) benthic environment (b) intertidal zone (c) neritic province (d) oceanic province (e) aphotic regionThe transition zone where two ecosystems or biomes meet and intergrade is called (a) a biosphere (b) an aphotic region (c) a thermocline (d) a biogeographic realm (e) an ecotoneWhich biogeographic realm has been separated from the other landmasses for more than 85 million years? (a) Ethiopian (b) Palearctic (c) Nearctic (d) Oriental (e) AustralianINTERPRET DATA Develop a hypothesis to explain why animals adapted to the desert are usually small. How would you test your hypothesis?INTERPRET DATA Examine Figure 56-1. What is the lowest average annual precipitation characteristic of tropical rain forests? the highest? What is the range of average temperature in tropical rain forests? Figure 56-1 Using precipitation and temperature to identify biomes Factors such as soil type, fire, and seasonality of climate affect whether temperate grassland or chaparral develops. Adapted from R.H. Whittaker, Communities and Ecosystems, 2nd ed. (Macmillan, New York, 1975).INTERPRET DATA Examine Figure 56-24. How many of the sampled species are found in the nonserpentine soil? in the serpentine soil? in the ecotone? What generalization about ecotones do these data support? RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The various plant species found in the two communities (yellow and blue) and in the ecotone between them (green) are shown in the graph. The ecotone had a greater richness than either adjoining community. SOURCE: Modified from C.D. White, VegetationSoil Chemistry Correlations in Serpentine Ecosystems, Ph.D. dissertation (University of Oregon, Eugene, 1971). Reprinted with permission of Dr. Charles D. White. Figure 56-24 Ecotones and species richness Note that the two fescues in the figure are different species.PREDICT What would happen to the organisms in a river with a fast current if a dam were built? Would there be any differences in habitat if the dam were upstream or downstream of the organisms in question? Explain your answers.EVOLUTION LINK When a black-tailed prairie dog or other small animal dies, other prairie dogs bury it. Develop a hypothesis to explain how this behavior may be adaptive. How would you test this hypothesis?SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Imagine that you are a graduate student working with university scientists on the effects on sea turtles of the 2010 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. What technologies might you employ to collect data for your research? Knowing that the turtles life cycle includes laying eggs on beaches, how would you involve local communities in your research?Identify various levels of biodiversity: genetic diversity, species richness, and ecosystem diversity.2LODiscuss at least four causes of declining biological diversity and identify the most important causes.1C2C3C4C4LO5LO1C2C3CWhy is the U.S. Endangered Species Act controversial?6LO7LO1CWhat are two reasons for deforestation in tropical rain forests? What is the main reason for deforestation of boreal forests?8LO9LO1C2CWhich of the following statements about extinction is not correct? (a) extinction is the permanent loss of a species (b) extinction is a natural biological process (c) once a species is extinct, it never reappears (d) human activities have little impact on extinctions (e) thousands of plant and animal species are currently threatened with extinction2TYU3TYU4TYU5TYU6TYU7TYU8TYUCONNECT What gas is a human-made pollutant in the lower (surface) atmosphere but a natural and beneficial gas in the stratosphere? (a) CO2 (b) CH4 (c) O3 (d) CFCs (e) N2O10TYUWhy might captive-breeding programs that reintroduce species into natural environments fail?12TYU13TYU14TYUEVOLUTION LINK Biologists have wondered how introduced species that would probably have limited genetic variation (due to the founder effect) survive and adapt so successfully that they become invasive. Part of the answer may be that invasive species are the result of multiple introductions instead of a single one. Explain how multiple introductions from a species native area to an introduced area could increase that species invasion success.16TYUINTERPRET DATA Study the graph, which shows the combined effects of various factors on biological diversity in 12 different terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Which factor is most important overall? Why do you think that climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 are represented as separate factors? What is nitrogen pollution? Adapted from Sala, O.E., et al., Science, Vol. 287 (2000).18TYU