Bartleby Sitemap - Textbook Solutions
All Textbook Solutions for Sustainable Energy
1PA simple way of looking at the energy associated with the combustion of methane [as shown in equation (1.15)] is to view the oxidation of the carbon by equation (1.13) and the oxidation of hydrogen by equation (1.19). Based on the energies involved in these processes, discuss the validity of this approach.3POne gram of methane is burned, and the heat is used to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water. If the initial temperature of the water is 25C, what is the final temperature?5P6P7P8P9PThe temperature of 1 m3 of water is decreased by 10C. If this thermal energy is used to lift the water vertically against gravity, what is the change in height of the center of mass?11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20PA quantity has a doubling time of 110 years. Estimate the annual percent increase in the quantity.The population of a particular country has a doubling time of 45 years. When will the population be three times its present value?
4P5PThe total world population in 2012 was about 7 billion, and Figure 2.11 shows that at that time the actual world population growth rate was about 1% per year. The figure also shows an anticipated roughly linear decrease in growth rate that extrapolates to zero growth in about the year 2080. Assuming an average growth rate of 0.5% between 2012 and 2080, what would the world population be in 2080? How does this compare with estimates discussed in the text for limits to human population?The population of a state is 25,600 in the year 1800 and 218,900 in the year 1900. Calculate the expected population in the year 2000 if (a) the growth is linear and (b) the growth is exponential.The population of a country as a function of time is shown in the following table. Is the growth exponential?9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20PWrite down the chemical formulae for the combustion of the alkanes in Table 3.2 with n = 2 to n = 8. Determine the mass of CO2 produced per megajoule of energy.2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10PThe combustion of pure hydrogen by the reaction 2H2+O22H2O produces 142 MJ per kg of hydrogen. Compare the energy per kg of octane and the total energy from the individual combustion of its carbon and hydrogen atoms.(a) Locate, from an appropriate source, the composition for methanol and ethanol. Write down the formulas for the combustion of these two hydrocarbons. (b) Calculate the mass of CO2 produced per kg of methanol and ethanol burned. (c) Locate values for the heat of combustion of methanol and ethanol and determine the mass of CO2 produced per MJ of energy.13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20PPluto has no atmosphere and has an average orbital diameter that is 39.2 times that of the earth. The mean surface temperature is 37 K. Estimate the albedo of Pluto.2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20P1P2PA sample of 137Cs (half-life = 30.1 years) decays at a rate of 1010 decays per second. How long will it take the decay rate to decrease to 107 decays per second?4PWhat are the decay products of the decay of the following nuclides: 3H, 14C, 64Cu, and 125Sn?6PNuclide A has a half-life of 4 days, and nuclide B has a half-life of 16 days. At the beginning of an experiment, a sample contains 218 nuclei of nuclide A and 212 nuclei of nuclide B. How long will it take before the numbers of nuclei of the two nuclides are equal?64Cu can decay by both decay and + decay. Draw an appropriate portion of a Segr plot along the lines of Figure 5.3 showing these two decay processes.At time t = 0 a sample contains 3.57 108 nuclei of a particular nuclide. Exactly one year later the sample contains 3.09 108 nuclei of the same species. Calculate the half-life of the decay.10PThe measured decay rates of a radioactive material as a function of time are shown in the table below. (a) Calculate the half-life of the decay. (b) Show that a semilogarithmic plot of the decay rate as a function of time is linear. (c) Derive an analytical form of the linear relationship for part (b).12P13PAt t = 0 there are 4.11 1011 nuclei of a particular nuclide in a sample. The decay rate is measured to be 3.21 106 s1. Calculate the half-life.15P16P17P18P19P20P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P13P137Cs is a typical long-lived waste product from fission reactors. Beginning with the fission process:
n + 235U → 236U → 137I + 95Y + 4n.
explain how 137Cs is produced.
15P16P17P18P19P20P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20P1P2P3P4P5P6P7PCompare the masses and volumes of water, concrete, sand, and wood needed to store 106 Btu of heat if the operating temperatures are Tc = 85F and Th = 180F. In each case, calculate the edge length of a square storage unit with a height of 8 ft.9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20P1P2P