It is to be explained how multiple halogenation at α carbon of aldehydes or ketones is possible whereas polyalkylation is generally not a concern. Concept introduction: The α carbon (carbon adjacent to carbonyl carbon) having at least one proton can be converted to a nucleophile by deprotonation. Thus, substitution at α carbon of an aldehyde or ketone is possible. The nucleophilic substitution at α carbon proceeds via S N 2 mechanism. Halogens are electrons withdrawing groups; thus they stabilize the enolate anions.

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 10, Problem 10.38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It is to be explained how multiple halogenation at α carbon of aldehydes or ketones is possible whereas polyalkylation is generally not a concern.

Concept introduction:

The α carbon (carbon adjacent to carbonyl carbon) having at least one proton can be converted to a nucleophile by deprotonation. Thus, substitution at α carbon of an aldehyde or ketone is possible. The nucleophilic substitution at α carbon proceeds via SN2 mechanism. Halogens are electrons withdrawing groups; thus they stabilize the enolate anions.

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In a Wittig reaction, a ketone or aldehyde reacts as an electrophile with a nucleophile called a Wittig reagent (or phosphonium ylide) to produce an alkene. The Wittig reagent is commonly synthesized first in a two-step process beginning with an alkyl halide, then reacted with the carbonyl compound. In this problem, you'll explore the mechanism of a multi-step synthesis to make an alkene using the Wittig approach.

Identify compounds B,D,F,J in the following reaction sequences.

( with the deatil mechanism of the following reaction )

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 10, Problem 10.38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It is to be explained how multiple halogenation at α carbon of aldehydes or ketones is possible whereas polyalkylation is generally not a concern.

Concept introduction:

The α carbon (carbon adjacent to carbonyl carbon) having at least one proton can be converted to a nucleophile by deprotonation. Thus, substitution at α carbon of an aldehyde or ketone is possible. The nucleophilic substitution at α carbon proceeds via SN2 mechanism. Halogens are electrons withdrawing groups; thus they stabilize the enolate anions.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 10, Problem 10.38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It is to be explained how multiple halogenation at α carbon of aldehydes or ketones is possible whereas polyalkylation is generally not a concern.

Concept introduction:

The α carbon (carbon adjacent to carbonyl carbon) having at least one proton can be converted to a nucleophile by deprotonation. Thus, substitution at α carbon of an aldehyde or ketone is possible. The nucleophilic substitution at α carbon proceeds via SN2 mechanism. Halogens are electrons withdrawing groups; thus they stabilize the enolate anions.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 4

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 10, Problem 10.38P

Interpretation Introduction