Another set of reactions that fuses hydrogen into helium in the Sun and especially in hotter stars is called die CNO cycle: 12 C + 1 H → 13 N + γ 13 N → 13 C + e + + v e 13 C + 1 H → 14 N + γ 14 N + 1 H → 15 O + γ 15 O → 15 N + e + + v e 15 N + 1 H → 12 C + 4 H e This process is a “cycle” because 12 C appears at the beginning and end of these reactions. Write down the overall effect of this cycle (as done for die proton-proton chain in 2 e − + 4 1 H → 4 H e + 2 v e + 6 γ . Assume that the positrons annihilate elections to form more γ rays.
Another set of reactions that fuses hydrogen into helium in the Sun and especially in hotter stars is called die CNO cycle: 12 C + 1 H → 13 N + γ 13 N → 13 C + e + + v e 13 C + 1 H → 14 N + γ 14 N + 1 H → 15 O + γ 15 O → 15 N + e + + v e 15 N + 1 H → 12 C + 4 H e This process is a “cycle” because 12 C appears at the beginning and end of these reactions. Write down the overall effect of this cycle (as done for die proton-proton chain in 2 e − + 4 1 H → 4 H e + 2 v e + 6 γ . Assume that the positrons annihilate elections to form more γ rays.
Another set of reactions that fuses hydrogen into helium in the Sun and especially in hotter stars is called die CNO cycle:
12
C
+
1
H
→
13
N
+
γ
13
N
→
13
C
+
e
+
+
v
e
13
C
+
1
H
→
14
N
+
γ
14
N
+
1
H
→
15
O
+
γ
15
O
→
15
N
+
e
+
+
v
e
15
N
+
1
H
→
12
C
+
4
H
e
This process is a “cycle” because
12
C
appears at the beginning and end of these reactions. Write down the overall effect of this cycle (as done for die proton-proton chain in
2
e
−
+
4
1
H
→
4
H
e
+
2
v
e
+
6
γ
. Assume that the positrons annihilate elections to form more
γ
rays.
An archeologist discovers the bones of a person who appeared to have been dead a very long time. Using carbon dating, they determine that the rate of change of 146C the is 0.259 Bq per gram of carbon for the bones. The rate of change of 146C is 0.270 Bq per gram of carbon for the bones of a person who had just died. How old are the bones? The half life of 146C is 5.73 x 103 y. A. 120 years B. 259 years C. 343 years D. 568 years E. 754 years
The binding energy of a hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.(a) What is the decrease in mass that occurs when a hydrogen atom is formed from a proton and a neutron? Express the result in atomic mass units (u) and in mass percent of hydrogen.(b) What is the decrease in mass that occurs when a helium nucleus is formed from two protons and two neutrons? Express the result in atomic mass units (u) and in percent of the mass of the helium nucleus.(c) Compare your answers to items (a) and (b). Why do we hear that mass "loss" occurs in nuclear reactions but not in chemical reactions (Lavoisier's Law)?
For the following reaction, what is the energy released, in GJ/mol? (1 GJ = 1E9 J)
Use 2.998E8 m/s as the speed of light
1 a m u has a mass of 1.6605E-27 kg
A + B → C + D
A
B
C
D
mass (amu)
3.1706
6.3211
4.1531
5.1703
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