Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134813448
Author: Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald, Byers, Bruce E.
Publisher: Pearson,
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Chapter 14.6, Problem 1CT
Summary Introduction
To determine: Whether the given approach is more desirable than the marker-assisted breeding and the corresponding reason for it.
Introduction: A gene is the basic functional unit of heredity. A gene is a sequence of
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Roughly 30% of harvested cantaloupesare wasted because they become overripebefore reaching consumers. Agricultural scientistshave used genetic engineering to insert an applegene into the cantaloupe genome to produce atransgenic (GM) cantaloupe that ripens more slowlyafter harvesting. Is this approach less desirablethan the marker-assisted breeding describedabove? Why or why not?
Figure 19-16 shows the results of a QTL fine-mapping experiment. Which gene would be implicated as controlling fruit weight if the mean fruit weight for each linewas as follows?Line Fruit weight (g)1 181.42 169.33 170.74 171.25 171.46 182.27 180.68 180.79 181.810 169.3
A large, genetically heterogeneous group of tomato plants was usedas the original breeding stock by two different breeders, named Maryand Hector. Each breeder was given 50 seeds and began an artificialselection strategy, much like the one described in the figure. Theseeds were planted, and the breeders selected the 10 plants with thehighest mean tomato weights as the breeding stock for the next generation. This process was repeated over the course of 12 growing seasons, and the following data were obtained:
Mean Weight of Tomatoes (pounds)Year Mary’s Tomatoes Hector’s Tomatoes1 0.7 0.82 0.9 0.93 1.1 1.24 1.2 1.35 1.3…
Chapter 14 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 14.1 - define biotechnology?Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 14.1 - define GMO and transgenic organism?Ch. 14.2 - describe natural processes that recombine DNA,...Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 1CSCCh. 14.3 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 14.3 - summarize how CRISPR-Cas9 works and explain why it...Ch. 14.4 - For any single person, a given STR always has...Ch. 14.4 - There are many other applications in which DNA...Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 1CYL
Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 14.5 - Restriction enzymes are isolated from bacteria....Ch. 14.5 - Many countries regulate the use of genetically...Ch. 14.5 - explain how genes are inserted into a plasmid, and...Ch. 14.5 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 14.6 - Prob. 1CTCh. 14.6 - Prob. 1HYEWCh. 14.6 - describe the advantages of genetically modified...Ch. 14.6 - list some examples of how genetically modified...Ch. 14.6 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 14.7 - Explain how fetal DNA could be used to establish...Ch. 14.7 - explain how biotechnology is used to diagnose both...Ch. 14.7 - describe how transgenic organisms are used to...Ch. 14.7 - describe the procedures and advantages of gene...Ch. 14.8 - explain why people might be opposed to the use of...Ch. 14.8 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 14.8 - Prob. 1CTCh. 14 - Prob. 1MCCh. 14 - Prob. 3MCCh. 14 - A restriction enzyme a. cuts DNA at a specific...Ch. 14 - Prob. 5MCCh. 14 - Prob. 1FIBCh. 14 - _________is the process whereby bacteria pick up...Ch. 14 - The _______ is a technique tor multiplying DNA in...Ch. 14 - Matching DNA samples in forensics uses a specific...Ch. 14 - Prob. 5FIBCh. 14 - Describe two natural forms of genetic...Ch. 14 - Prob. 2RQCh. 14 - Prob. 3RQCh. 14 - Prob. 4RQCh. 14 - Prob. 5RQCh. 14 - Prob. 6RQCh. 14 - How does gel electrophoresis separate pieces of...Ch. 14 - Prob. 8RQCh. 14 - Prob. 9RQCh. 14 - Prob. 10RQCh. 14 - As you may know, many Insects have evolved...Ch. 14 - Prob. 2AC
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- Improving the nutritional value of food has long been one of the goals in agricultural genetics. Crossing different strains of plants and animals followed by generations of artificial selection have yielded some successes, including the development of high-protein maize. The use of gene transfer biotechnology has led to other advances, including the creation of nutritionally enhanced rice to combat vitamin A deficiency and blindness. Researchers are now turning their attention to the nutritional enhancement of animals that are used as food. Scientists are now turning their attention to using gene transfer technology to nutritionally enhance animal foods. Recently, biotechnology was used to produce a sheep with increased amounts of an omega-3 essential fatty acid that plays an important role in the development of the nervous system and, in adults, reduces the risk of coronary artery disease. Once a small number of transgenic animals have been produced, they can be bred by conventional methods to establish a source of nutritionally enhanced meat and milk. The use of biotechnology is presenting consumers with many new choices, which will become more common in the future. Increasingly, we will all have to educate ourselves about the pros and cons of such decisions. On the other hand, how would you explain your preference for meat from animals without higher levels of beneficial fatty acids?arrow_forwardImproving the nutritional value of food has long been one of the goals in agricultural genetics. Crossing different strains of plants and animals followed by generations of artificial selection have yielded some successes, including the development of high-protein maize. The use of gene transfer biotechnology has led to other advances, including the creation of nutritionally enhanced rice to combat vitamin A deficiency and blindness. Researchers are now turning their attention to the nutritional enhancement of animals that are used as food. Scientists are now turning their attention to using gene transfer technology to nutritionally enhance animal foods. Recently, biotechnology was used to produce a sheep with increased amounts of an omega-3 essential fatty acid that plays an important role in the development of the nervous system and, in adults, reduces the risk of coronary artery disease. Once a small number of transgenic animals have been produced, they can be bred by conventional methods to establish a source of nutritionally enhanced meat and milk. The use of biotechnology is presenting consumers with many new choices, which will become more common in the future. Increasingly, we will all have to educate ourselves about the pros and cons of such decisions. How would you explain your decision to eat nutritionally enhanced meat from animals modified by biotechnology?arrow_forwardAssume you are able to use CRISPR to create an allele that will convert a cross-pollinated, sexually reproducing crop plant into an obligate apomict. Your edited obligate apomict plants retains all the CRISPR “machinery” necessary to convert the “sexually reproducing” allele to the “obligate apomict” allele. You plant 100 hectares of your edited obligate apomicts in order to increase seed for sale the following year. Neighboring farms and seed producers are growing many different un-edited sexually reproducing varieties of the crop. If your neighbors plant seed harvested from their crops that was pollinated by your crop, should they expect these seeds to generate apomictic or non-apomictic plants?arrow_forward
- How recombinant DNA technology revolutionized the field of crop genetics? Explain with suitable examples.arrow_forwardA large, genetically heterogeneous group of tomato plants was usedas the original breeding stock by two different breeders, namedMary and Hector. Each breeder was given 50 seeds and began aselective breeding strategy, much like that described in Figure24.11. The seeds were planted, and the breeders selected the 10plants with the highest mean tomato weights as the breeding stockfor the next generation. This process was repeated over the courseof 12 growing seasons, and the following data were obtained: A. Explain these results.B. Another tomato breeder, named Martin, got some seeds fromMary’s and Hector’s tomato strains (after 12 generations),grew the plants, and then crossed them to each other. The mean weight of the tomatoes in these hybrids was about 1.7 pounds.For a period of 5 years, Martin subjected these hybrids to thesame selective breeding strategy that Mary and Hector had followed,and he obtained the following results: Explain Martin’s data. Why was Martin able to obtain…arrow_forwardOf the approximately 200 GM crop varieties that have been developed, only a few are widely used. What are these varieties, and how prevalent are they?arrow_forward
- Half of the worlds population eats rice at least twice a day. Much of this rice is grown in flooded conditions, and different strains of rice are tolerant (survive) or intolerant (die) under these conditions. Rice breeders used genetic crosses to test whether tolerance to flooding is a dominant trait. Researchers used three true-breeding flood-tolerant strains, FR143, BKNFR, and Kurk, and two true-breeding flood- intolerant strains, IR42 and NB, in the crosses. Results were obtained from three sets of crosses and are reported in the Table below: Results of cross of F1 to tolerant parent: F1 plants were crossed with the tolerant parent of the cross. Number of Plants Progeny Analyzed from Intolerant Tolerant Cross Alive Dead Total 1. F2 results of cross: IR42 FR13A 187 77 264 IR42 BKNFR 192 73 265 NB Kurk 142 52 195 2. Results of cross of F1 to intolerant parent: (F1 of IR42 FR13A) IR42 14 17 31 (F1 of IR42 BKNFR) IR42 15 10 25 (F1 of NB Kurk) NB 21 35 56 3. Results of cross of F1 to tolerant parent: (F1 of IR42 FR13A) FR13A 31 0 31 (F1 of IR42 BKNFR) BKNFR 28 0 28 (F1 of NB Kurk) Kurk 40 0 40 Do the data support the hypothesis that the tolerance trait is dominant? Justify your conclusion by explaining the results from each of the three sets of crosses in terms of genotypes and phenotypic ratios. Source: T. Setter et al. 1997. Physiology and genetics of submergence tolerance in rice. Annals of Botany 79:6777.arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between a transgenic plant and a plant produced through selective breeding?arrow_forwardWhat is the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the production of transgenic plants?a. Genes from A. tumefaciens are inserted into plant DNA to give the plant different traits.b. Transgenic plants have been given resistance to the pest A. tumefaciens.c. A. tumefaciens is used as a vector to move genes into plant cells.d. Plant genes are incorporated into the genome of Agrobacterium tumefaciensarrow_forward
- On the following pages, you will be asked the same question seven times: "Based on what you now know, do you think we should raise genetically modified (GM) crops?" Each time, you must answer Yes or No to that question, and each time, depending on how you responded, you will be presented with a new counterargument meant to challenge your stance. Thus, this feature presents six arguments for growing GM crops and six against, but whenever you answer yes or no, you will only see one side of the argument -- the one meant to challenge your position. However, before answering the question for the seventh and final time, you will be shown all 12 arguments for and against. At that point, you may choose Yes, No, or Undecided and then see where your vote stands vis-à-vis those of others. Introduction Industry, government, and many academic scientists tout the benefits of genetically modified (GM) foods for agriculture, ecosystems, and human health and well-being, including feeding a world…arrow_forwardThere are two incomplete-dominant alleles for petal color in a population of flowers. 36% of the flowers have red petals, 16% of the organisms have white petals, and 48% of the flowers have pink petals. What percentage of alleles in this population code for red petals (R)? how can i calculate it?arrow_forwardtrue or false 1.Crossbreeding and genetic engineering are both ways to develop improved varieties of crops. 2.Reducing the use of GMOs could reduce the cost of organic products 3.Overnutrition is most common in developed countries, rather than in less-developed countries 4.Micronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. 5.To reduce the drawbacks of no-till farming, it will be important to find ways to reduce associated herbicide use. 6.High-input agriculture is a form of industrialized agriculture used primarily in less-developed tropical countries that involves growing cash crops such as bananas, coffee, vegetables, soybeans, sugarcane, and palm oil.arrow_forward
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