Genetics: From Genes to Genomes, 5th edition
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780073525310
Author: Leland H. Hartwell, Michael L. Goldberg, Janice A. Fischer, Leroy Hood, Charles F. Aquadro
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 21, Problem 22P
In domesticated dogs, size has a high heritability, and the trait is determined by only a small number of genes. In contrast,
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Researcher 1 studies IQ in the indigenous people of an isolated island with a population of approximately 3000 people. Researcher 2 studies IQ in North America, looking at millions of people who come from a broad range of social and economic backgrounds. Researcher 1 concludes that 70% of the variation in IQ is genetic, whereas Researcher 2 concludes than only 40% of the variation in IQ is genetic. What is the most likely explanation for these different estimates of the heritability of IQ?
Group of answer choices
The conclusions of Researcher 2 must be flawed, because environment always has a smaller effect on IQ than genetics
Widespread use of technology in North America has increased abstract reasoning ability
There is less environmental variation among the people being studied by Researcher 1, so there is less opportunity for the environment to cause differences among people
IQ tests measure only a subset of the abilities that constitute the concept of intelligence
In a population of locusts, the mean wing length is 47 mm, the selection gradient on wing length is β = 0.12/mm, the phenotypic variance for wing length is P = 3.6 mm2, and the heritability of wing length is h2 = 0.27. In addition, we know that the additive genetic covariance between wing and leg length is 0.60 mm2. What is the expected evolutionary change in mean leg length due to selection on both wings and legs? Repeat these calculations to predict what will happen to wing length as a result of the selection on both wings and legs. What do you predict the average wing and leg lengths will be in the next generation?
Assume that human ear length is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Suppose you measure ear length in three groups of people, in which group A consists of five unrelated people, group B consists of five siblings, and group C consists of five first cousins. a. With the assumption that the environments of all three groups are similar, which group should have the highest phenotypic variance? Explain why. b. Is it realistic to assume that the environmental variance for each group is similar? Explain your answer.
Chapter 21 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes, 5th edition
Ch. 21 - Choose the best matching phrase in the right...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2PCh. 21 - How can each of the following be used in...Ch. 21 - Which of the following statements would be true of...Ch. 21 - Prob. 5PCh. 21 - Prob. 6PCh. 21 - Prob. 7PCh. 21 - Human geneticists have found the Finnish...Ch. 21 - Prob. 9PCh. 21 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 21 - In a certain plant, leaf size is determined by...Ch. 21 - Compare and contrast the use of SNP genotyping: i...Ch. 21 - Prob. 13PCh. 21 - Prob. 14PCh. 21 - Canavan disease, caused by homozygosity for a...Ch. 21 - Prob. 16PCh. 21 - Prob. 17PCh. 21 - Consider the triangle diagram shown in Fig. 21.15....Ch. 21 - Prob. 19PCh. 21 - Prob. 20PCh. 21 - Suppose a GWAS investigation found a particular LD...Ch. 21 - In domesticated dogs, size has a high...Ch. 21 - Prob. 23P
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- In the same population of locusts, the mean wing length is 47 mm, the selection gradient on wing length is β = 0.12/mm, the phenotypic variance for wing length is P = 3.6 mm2 , and the heritability of wing length is h2 = 0.27. In addition, we know that the additive genetic covariance between wing length and leg length is 0.6 mm2 . What is the expected evolutionary change in mean leg length due to selection on wings?arrow_forwardSuppose that in a population of Peacocks the phenotypic variance for tail length is 2.5 and the heritability for this trait is 0.4. From a long-term captive population you also have data from a line of completely inbred individuals. In this line the phenotypic variance among individuals is 0.50. Assume that there is no epistatic variance (VI) for this trait. Calculate the following: What is the additive genetic variance? What is the dominance genetic variance? What is the environmental variance? What is the broad-sense heritability (H2)?arrow_forwardAverage human height has changed over the past few centuries. The current generation's average height is 168 centimeters (i.e. 5 foot 10 in). The selection coefficient for height is ß = 0.08, phenotypic variation is Vp = 1.5, and heritability is h² = 0.45. = a. What is the response to selection (R) for height? b. What is the average height expected to be for the next generation? c. Would you say this is strong or weak selection?arrow_forward
- Imagine you are studying a population of finches on one of the Galápagos Islands. You have been recording many of the birds’ physical traits, including the length of both wings. You observe that for 80% of individuals measured, the length of the left wing is not significantly different from the length of the right wing (in other words, they are symmetrical). But for about 20% of birds measured, the wing lengths are asymmetrical. This distribution is true from generation to generation. Suddenly, a rare 5-day windstorm takes over the island. After the storm, you spend the next several days netting each bird on the island that survived the storm. You discover that 85% of the birds with symmetrical wings survived the storm, whereas only 5% of the birds with asymmetrical wings did. a. Propose a hypothesis to explain this observation. b. If such storms become increasingly common due to changes in climate, how might you expect the population to change over time with respect to wing symmetry?arrow_forwardWe have learned that the response to selection is equal to the selection differential times the narrow-sense heritability, and that the narrowsense heritability includes only the additive genetic variance. Why aren’t the dominance genetic variance and the gene interaction variance included? Why don’t they contribute to the genetic variation that is acted on by selection?arrow_forwardSuppose that in a population of Peacocks the phenotypic variance for tail length is 2.5 and the heritability for this trait is 0.4. From a long-term captive population you also have data from a line of completely inbred individuals. In this line the phenotypic variance among individuals is 0.50. Assume that there is no epistatic variance (VI) for this trait. Calculate the following: What is the total genetic variance for tail length? What is the additive genetic variance? What is the dominance genetic variance? What is the environmental variance? What is the broad-sense heritability (H2)?arrow_forward
- The typical tail size for elephants is 150 cm, with a standard deviation of 10 cm. The typical tail size for mice is 7 cm, with a standard deviation of 3 cm. Do elephants or mice exhibit greater variability in tail size? Elephants, because CV = 15 > 2.3 Elephants, because SD = 10 cm > SD = 3 cm %3D Elephants, because = 150 cm > 7 cm O Mice, because CV = 0.43 > CV = 0.07 %3D %3Darrow_forwardHow can we explain the striking contrast in the number of major genes underlying quantitative traits between domesticated animals (where only a few QTLs are typically involved) and humans (where the QTLs for manytraits number in the hundreds)?arrow_forwardTwo inbred lines of rice are intercrossed. In the F1, the variance in panicle weight is measured to be 12 g2. The F1 is selfed, and in the F2, the variance in panicle weight is 38 g2. Estimate the broad sense heritability of panicle weight in the F2 population of this experiment. If there is no genetic variation within a population for a given trait, what is the broad sense heritability value for the trait in the population?arrow_forward
- Please refer to the Chi squared step by step document for an example to follow. 4a. A large random sample taken from a natural population of flowering plants found 300 plants with red flowers (RR genotype), 150 with pink flowers (Rr genotype) and 38 white flowers (rr genotype). Is the population in HWE? Step 1 Calculate the frequencies of alleles R and r. Include the formula for calculating allele frequencies in a population. Ans: Step 2 Based on the allele frequencies how many individuals are expected to a certain genotype? Calculate by multiplying the number of individuals in population (n) x frequencies of alleles for that genotype: Ans: T Step 3 Fill in the Table Below Genotype Ans: RR Rr rr Observed Expected Obs - Exp Step 3 Use the following formula to calculate the Chi squared value., Note calculate for each genotype and get the sum. (Obs - Exp)² Exp ³x²³ = [ (O - E)² E Step 4 Determine the Chi Square value for 1 Degree of Freedom and for the probability 0.05 from the table…arrow_forwardWe want to breed for larger adult weights for pigs using individual phenotype, in which the population means is 500 lbs and the standard deviation of phenotype is known to be 50 lbs. The adult weight heritability is 0.45. Pig A weighs 475 lbs. Thus, we want to breed the pigs utilizing genomic information, and the selection accuracy for the new criterion is 0.65. Based on this given information, what is the genetic gain per generation assuming the selection differential is 100 lbs?arrow_forwardA gardener grows two different colors of apples under exactly the same environmental conditions. Red apples have a heritability of 0.14 for the value of apple weight, and green apples have a heritability of 0.41 for the value of apple weight. The gardener plotted the number of apples present at each weight. Which graph would you hypothesize represents the red apples? Number of apples Weight GRAPH A Number of apples Weight GRAPH B O Graph A O Graph B There is not enough information to make a hypothesis.arrow_forward
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