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Concept explainers
a.
To determine:
The reason for the fact that environmental similarity for monozygotic twins not being significantly different from that of the similarities for fraternal twins is important for heritability calculations.
Introduction:
Environmental conditions affect the inheritability of traits in populations. The similarity of traits in twins is affected by environmental conditions. Children being brought up in the same family share the environmental conditions.
b.
To determine:
Whether MZ or DZ twins would be more useful to study for determining the heritability of a particular-trait in humans.
Introduction:
Traits of organisms can pass from the parents to their offspring, and this mechanism is known as an inheritance. Gregor Mendel was a monk, and he discovered three laws that describe the inheritance of factors from parents to offsprings.
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Chapter 21 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes, 5th edition
- I. In an exotic Peruvian plant, blue flowers (B) are dominant to red flowers (b), yellow stalks (G) are dominant to green (g) and tall plants (H) are dominant to short ones. What is the probability that the following pair of parents will produce the indicated offspring? BbGgHh x BbGgHh -> bbGGHh Punnett squares for each individual trait can help you with this: Probability= (bb) BGh X Bb (GG) What is the phenotype of bbGGHh? Which of the following options are gametes that bbGgHh can produce? Circle the correct one(s). BGH bGh bgh Gg BbGghh hh X (Hh) bGHarrow_forwardtrue for false? 1a) In Drosophila flies, there are wing shapes such as curly, apterous, miniature and others. These would be considered continuous traits (as opposed to discontinuous traits). 1b) The reason we assess the narrow sense heritability is because there are hidden genetic components that are simply too difficult to include in the calculation of VG 1c) You can figure out the heritability of a trait if you compare the variation of the trait in a clonal population of organisms to a wild type (heterogeneous) population.arrow_forwardAssumptions: . If the parent expresses the trait, they are homozygous dominant If the child/children express the trait but the parents do not, the parents are heterozygous. Traits selected: Brown Hair/Eyes And Widows Peak Write the Letters you will be using n the Punnet square for each trait: _Ww Bb_and_ww Bb_ Father Genotype: WW Bb Mother Genotype: ww Bb Parent Gametes possible gametes: possible gametes: Do you have the phenotype of either of the traits in the cross? If you do, which one? Are there any other offspring with either trait? Which trait? Which phenotypic probability did you fall into? Which phenotypic probability did other offspring fall into? Iarrow_forward
- A geneticist studies a series of characteristics in pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, obtaining the concordances listed below. For each characteristic, indicate whether these concordances suggest genetic influences, environmental influences, or both. Explain your reasoning. Concordance (%) Dizygotic Characteristic Monozygotic Migraine headaches 60 30 Eye color 100 40 Measles 90 90 Club foot 30 10 High blood pressure 70 40 Handedness 70 70 Tuberculosisarrow_forwardYou are studying a disorder that is based on the genetic cómposition at three loci. Assume that a dominant allele at any locus adds 7 units of risk for the disorder and that a recessive allele at any locus adds 4 units of risk for the disorder. Individuals with 26 or more units of risk develop the disorder. The environment does not affect the presence or absence of this disorder. How many risk units will be present in an individual of genotype AABbcc?arrow_forwardA geneticist studies a series of characteristics in pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, obtaining the concordances listed below. For each characteristic, indicate whether these concordances suggest genetic influences, environmental influences, or both. Explain your reasoning. Concordance (%) Characteristic Monozygotic Dizygotic Migraine headaches 60 30 Eye color 100 40 Measles 90 90 Club foot 30 10 High blood pressure 70 40 Handedness 70 70 Tuberculosis 5 5arrow_forward
- Please help with the following: How does penetrance differ from expressivity in genetics? A. Penetrance is the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype that exhibit the expected phenotype while expressivity is the degree to which a phenotypic character is expressed. B. Penetrance is the degree of lethality of a specific genotype while expressivity is how frequently that genotype is seen in the population. C. Penetrance is the presence of more than two alleles at a locus within a group of individuals while expressivity is the influence of sex on which alleles express themselves. D. None of the above. E. Penetrance refers to the paternal effects of a gene while expressivity refers to the maternal effects of a gene.arrow_forward#2 a) If sex and eye colored were viewed as two different phenotypes with male being dominant over female (or vice versa), then Mendelian ratios of a dihybrid cross may explain the ratios that Morgan got. Here is some hypothetical data based on the ratios gotten by Morgan and the expected Mendelian ratios for a dihybrid F1 cross. Perform a Chi-square test (separate scrap paper) with the null hypothesis being that the "Morgan observed ratios" are within chance from the Mendelian ratios. State whether the Chi-square test supports or rejects the null hypothesis and explain. (Be sure to include the X2 value, degrees of freedom, critical value.) Hint: what did Morgan discover? Think about this for your degrees of freedom.* Expected Mendelian Ratios Morgan Observed Ratios 900 Red, male 800 Red, male 300 Red, female 400 Red, female 300 white, male 400 white, male O white, female 100 white, female Terms of Use Support | Schoology Blog | PRIVACY POLICY INarrow_forward# 2 a) If sex and eye colored were viewed as two different phenotypes with male being dominant over female (or vice versa), then Mendelian ratios of a dihybrid cross may explain the ratios that Morgan got. Here is some hypothetical data based on the ratios gotten by Morgan and the expected Mendelian ratios for a dihybrid F1 cross. Perform a Chi-square test (separate scrap paper) with the null hypothesis being that the "Morgan observed ratios" are within chance from the Mendelian ratios. State whether the Chi-square test supports or rejects the null hypothesis and explain. (Be sure t include the X2 value, degrees of freedom, critical value.) Hint: what did Morgan discover? Think about this for your degrees of freedom. * Expected Mendelian Ratios Morgan Observed Ratios 900 Red, male 800 Red, male 300 Red, female 400 Red, female 400 white, male 300 white, maile O white, female 100 white, female Schoology Support | Schoology Blog | PRIVACY POLICY | Terms of Use INTLarrow_forward
- Assume that human ear length is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Suppose you measure ear length in three groups of people, in which group A consists of five unrelated people, group B consists of five siblings, and group C consists of five first cousins. a. With the assumption that the environments of all three groups are similar, which group should have the highest phenotypic variance? Explain why. b. Is it realistic to assume that the environmental variance for each group is similar? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardA. Choose which represents descent with modification, A or B? B. Explain your choice, why is it considered a descent with modification?arrow_forwardList any phenotypes (e.g., physical or behavioral) that might differ between the average person who is a twin and the average person who is a singleton. Explain your answer (provide an external source, if possible). For most phenotypes, are twins representative of the general population? Why or why not? Do you think the experience of being an MZ twin is very different from being a DZ twin? In which ways?arrow_forward
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