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Interpretation:
When oxaloacetate in liver tissue is being used for gluconeogenesis, the impact does this have on the citric acid cycle should be identified and explained.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-
Gluconeogenesis is the process of formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. The process occurs only in liver and kidney, partially occurs in cytoplasm and in mitochondria.
Ketogenesis is a process by which acetyl CoA is converted into
Citric acid cycle includes a series of oxidation- reduction reactions in mitochondria that results in the oxidation of an acetyl group to two molecules of carbon dioxide and reduce the coenzymes that rea reoxidized through electron transport chain, linked to the formation of ATP.
Electron transport chain is the final common pathway in aerobic cells by which electrons and hydrogen (NADH and FADH2) derived from foodstuffs are transferred to oxygen to form water and finally produce ATP (energy).
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Chapter 24 Solutions
Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
- If glutamate were labeled with C-14 at the delta-carbon and added via transamination to the citric acid cycle to produce alpha-ketoglutarate, how long would it take for the compounds containing C-14 to be reduced by 25% (assume 10 seconds per turn of the cycle)?arrow_forwardDefine GLUCONEOGENESIS. Give three reasons why is gluconeogenesis important in the Cori cycle?arrow_forwardAlthough both hexokinase and phosphofructokinase catalyze irreversible steps in glycolysis and the hexokinase-catalyzed step is first, phosphofructokinase is nonetheless the pacemaker of glycolysis. What does this information tell you about the fate of the glucose 6- phosphate formed by hexokinase?arrow_forward
- When the acetyl-CoA produced during B-oxidation in the liver exceeds the capacity of the citric acid cycle, the excess acetyl-CoA forms ketone bodies-acetone, acetoacetate, and D-b-hydroxybutyrate. This occurs in severe, uncontrolled diabetes: because the tissues cannot use glucose, they oxidize large amounts of fatty acids instead. Although acetyl-CoA is not toxic, the mitochondrion must divert the acetyl-CoA to ketone bodies. What problem would arise if acetyl-CoA were not converted to ketone bodies? How does the diversion to ketone bodies solve the problem?arrow_forwardVon Gierke’s disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type I. Patients with von Gierke’s disease lackglucose 6-phosphatase activity. Two prominent symptoms of this disorder are fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (elevated lactate levels in the blood), especially during strenuous exercise. Explain why these symptoms occur. What chemical reaction does this enzyme catalyze? Which pathways involve this enzyme? Lacking thisthe enzyme will cause impairment of which pathways?• Pls consider what pathways are affected by Von Gierke’s disease. Include in your explanation involving Cori’s cycle. can you please do not write by your hand? I mean computer if you can. thank youarrow_forwardVon Gierke’s disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type I. Patients with von Gierke’s disease lackglucose 6-phosphatase activity. Two prominent symptoms of this disorder are fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (elevated lactate levels in the blood), especially during strenuous exercise. Explain why these symptoms occur. What chemical reaction does this enzyme catalyze? Which pathways involve this enzyme? Lacking thisenzyme will cause impairment of which pathways?• Pls consider what pathways are affected by Von Gierke’s disease. Include in your explanation involving the Cori’s cycle.arrow_forward
- When the acetyl-CoA produced during β-oxidation in the liver exceeds the capacity of the citric acid cycle, the excess acetyl-CoA forms ketone bodies—acetone, acetoacetate, and D-b-hydroxybutyrate. This occurs in severe, uncontrolled diabetes: because the tissues cannot use glucose, they oxidize large amounts of fatty acids instead. Although acetyl-CoA is not toxic, the mitochondrion must divert the acetyl-CoA to ketone bodies. What problem would arise if acetyl-CoA were not converted to ketone bodies? How does the diversion to ketone bodies solve the problem?arrow_forwardWhat is the final fate of the carbons in acetyl-CoA after several turns of the citric acid cycle?arrow_forwardWhat is alpha keto glutarate dehydrogenase complex?. explain very briefly.arrow_forward
- The enzyme, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase is present in both pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. What type of reaction is catalyzed by these complexes? Describe the role of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase in these reactions.arrow_forwardWhen one of the acetyl CoA is processed through the citric acid cycle, how many times does a secondary alcohol group is oxidized to a ketone group?arrow_forwardDiscuss the mechanisms of control of the irreversible steps in the citric acid cycle.arrow_forward
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