Fundamentals of Biostatistics
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305268920
Author: Bernard Rosner
Publisher: Cengage Learning
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 3, Problem 116P
A further study finds that after 10 generations (≈200 years) a lot of inbreeding has taken place in the population. Two subpopulations (populations A and B), consisting of 30% and 70% of the general population, respectively, have formed. Within population A, prevalence of the recessive gene is 40%, whereas in population B it is 10%.
Suppose that in 25% of marriages both people are from population A, in 65% both are from population B, and in 10% there is one partner from population A and one from population B. What is the probability of a birth defect in the next generation?
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Suppose a birth defect has a recessive form of inheritance.In a study population, the recessive gene (a) initially has aprevalence of 25%. A subject has the birth defect if bothmaternal and paternal genes are of type a.
A further study finds that after 10 generations (≈200 years)a lot of inbreeding has taken place in the population. Twosubpopulations (populations A and B), consisting of 30%and 70% of the general population, respectively, haveformed. Within population A, prevalence of the recessivegene is 40%, whereas in population B it is 10%.
Suppose that a baby is born with a birth defect,but the baby’s ancestry is unknown. What is the posteriorprobability that the baby will have both parents from population A, both parents from population B, or mixed ancestry,respectively? (Hint: Use Bayes’ rule.)
1. According to a certain Mendelian genetic model, self-pollination of pink-flowered plants should produce progeny that are red, pink, and white in the ratio 1:2:1. A geneticist self-pollinated pink-flowered snapdragon plants and produced 234 progeny with 54 red, 122 pink and 58 white flowered plants. To test if these numbers indeed follow the model ratio, what should be an appropriate null hypothesis?
A. P(Red) = 54/234, P(Pink) = 122/234, P(White) = 58/234.
B. P(Red) = 54%, P(Pink) = 122%, P(White) = 58%.
C. P(Red) = 1, P(Pink) = 2, P(White) = 1.
D. P(Red) = 0.25, P(Pink) = 0.5, P(White) = 0.25.
2. What would be the degree of freedom for an appropriate test?
A. 3
B. 2
C. 1
D. 0
3. If we fail to reject the null hypothesis at 0.05 significance level, what do you conclude?
A. The self-pollinated plants of the geneticist do not follow the ratio 1:2:1 and this validates the model.
B. The self-pollinated plants of the…
Mendelian Genetics Experiments are conducted with hybrids of two types of peas. If the offspring follow Mendel’s theory of inheritance, the seeds that are produced are yellow smooth, green smooth, yellow wrinkled, and green wrinkled, and they should occur in the ratio of 9:3:3:1, respectively. An experiment is designed to test Mendel’s theory, with the result that the offspring seeds consist of 307 that are yellow smooth, 77 that are green smooth, 98 that are yellow wrinkled, and 18 that are green wrinkled. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the results contradict Mendel’s theory.
Chapter 3 Solutions
Fundamentals of Biostatistics
Ch. 3.6 - What is the frequency definition of probability?Ch. 3.6 - What is the difference between independent and...Ch. 3.6 - What are mutually exclusive events?Ch. 3.6 - What is the addition law of probability?Ch. 3.6 - What is conditional probability? How does it...Ch. 3.6 - What is relative risk? How do you interpret it?Ch. 3.6 - Prob. B.1RECh. 3.6 - Suppose the rate of type II diabetes mellitus (DM)...Ch. 3.7 - What is the sensitivity and specificity of a...Ch. 3.7 - What are the PV+ and PV of a screening test? How...
Ch. 3.7 - Prob. C.3RECh. 3.7 - What is Bayes rule? How is it used?Ch. 3.7 - Prob. D.2RECh. 3.7 - Prob. D.3RECh. 3.7 - Prob. D.4RECh. 3.10 - Suppose that of 25 students in a class, 5 are...Ch. 3.10 - Suppose 50 HIV-positive men are identified, 5 of...Ch. 3 - Consider a family with a mother, father, and two...Ch. 3 - Consider a family with a mother, father, and two...Ch. 3 - Consider a family with a mother, father, and two...Ch. 3 - Consider a family with a mother, father, and two...Ch. 3 - Consider a family with a mother, father, and two...Ch. 3 - Consider a family with a mother, father, and two...Ch. 3 - Consider a family with a mother, father, and two...Ch. 3 - Consider a family with a mother, father, and two...Ch. 3 - Consider a family with a mother, father, and two...Ch. 3 - Consider a family with a mother, father, and two...Ch. 3 - Prob. 11PCh. 3 - Suppose an influenza epidemic strikes a city. In...Ch. 3 - Suppose there is a 20% chance each child will get...Ch. 3 - Suppose there is a 20% chance each child will get...Ch. 3 - Suppose there is a 20% chance each child will get...Ch. 3 - Mental Health Estimates of the prevalence of...Ch. 3 - Mental Health Estimates of the prevalence of...Ch. 3 - Mental Health Estimates of the prevalence of...Ch. 3 - Mental Health Estimates of the prevalence of...Ch. 3 - Estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimers disease...Ch. 3 - Estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimers disease...Ch. 3 - Estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimers disease...Ch. 3 - Estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimers disease...Ch. 3 - Estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimers disease...Ch. 3 - Estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimers disease...Ch. 3 - Suppose a study of Alzheimers disease is proposed...Ch. 3 - Suppose a study of Alzheimers disease is proposed...Ch. 3 - Commonly used vaccines for influenza are trivalent...Ch. 3 - Prob. 29PCh. 3 - Prob. 30PCh. 3 - Prob. 31PCh. 3 - Genetics Suppose that a disease is inherited via a...Ch. 3 - Genetics Suppose that a disease is inherited via a...Ch. 3 - Genetics Suppose that a disease is inherited via a...Ch. 3 - Prob. 35PCh. 3 - Prob. 36PCh. 3 - Suppose that a disease is inherited via an...Ch. 3 - Suppose that a disease is inherited via an...Ch. 3 - Prob. 39PCh. 3 - Suppose that a disease is inherited via a...Ch. 3 - Suppose that a disease is inherited via a...Ch. 3 - Suppose that a disease is inherited via a...Ch. 3 - Suppose that a disease is inherited via a...Ch. 3 - Prob. 44PCh. 3 - Prob. 45PCh. 3 - Prob. 46PCh. 3 - Prob. 47PCh. 3 - Prob. 48PCh. 3 - Prob. 49PCh. 3 - Obstetrics The following data are derived from the...Ch. 3 - Obstetrics The following data are derived from the...Ch. 3 - Obstetrics The following data are derived from the...Ch. 3 - Pulmonary Disease The familial aggregation of...Ch. 3 - Pulmonary Disease The familial aggregation of...Ch. 3 - Suppose, alternatively, that if the father is a...Ch. 3 - Suppose, alternatively, that if the father is a...Ch. 3 - Prob. 57PCh. 3 - The familial aggregation of respiratory disease is...Ch. 3 - The familial aggregation of respiratory disease is...Ch. 3 - The familial aggregation of respiratory disease is...Ch. 3 - The familial aggregation of respiratory disease is...Ch. 3 - Pulmonary Disease The familial aggregation of...Ch. 3 - Pulmonary Disease The familial aggregation of...Ch. 3 - Genetics, Obstetrics Precise quantification of...Ch. 3 - Precise quantification of smoking during pregnancy...Ch. 3 - Precise quantification of smoking during pregnancy...Ch. 3 - What is another name for this quantity? Suppose it...Ch. 3 - Research into cigarette-smoking habits, smoking...Ch. 3 - Research into cigarette-smoking habits, smoking...Ch. 3 - Research into cigarette-smoking habits, smoking...Ch. 3 - Research into cigarette-smoking habits, smoking...Ch. 3 - Research into cigarette-smoking habits, smoking...Ch. 3 - Research into cigarette-smoking habits, smoking...Ch. 3 - Pulmonary Disease Research into cigarette-smoking...Ch. 3 - Pulmonary Disease Research into cigarette-smoking...Ch. 3 - Laboratory measures of cardiovascular reactivity...Ch. 3 - Laboratory measures of cardiovascular reactivity...Ch. 3 - Laboratory measures of cardiovascular reactivity...Ch. 3 - The data set in Table 3.12 is based on 214...Ch. 3 - The data set in Table 3.12 is based on 214...Ch. 3 - The data set in Table 3.12 is based on 214...Ch. 3 - A drug company is developing a new pregnancy-test...Ch. 3 - A drug company is developing a new pregnancy-test...Ch. 3 - A drug company is developing a new pregnancy-test...Ch. 3 - Gynecology A drug company is developing a new...Ch. 3 - The Chinese Mini-Mental Status Test (CMMS)...Ch. 3 - The Chinese Mini-Mental Status Test (CMMS)...Ch. 3 - Mental Health The Chinese Mini-Mental Status Test...Ch. 3 - Construct an ROC curve based on the table...Ch. 3 - Mental Health The Chinese Mini-Mental Status Test...Ch. 3 - Calculate the area under the ROC curve. Interpret...Ch. 3 - Demography A study based on data collected from...Ch. 3 - Prob. 94PCh. 3 - Demography A study based on data collected from...Ch. 3 - Demography A study based on data collected from...Ch. 3 - Prob. 97PCh. 3 - The 4 allele of the gene encoding apolipoprotein E...Ch. 3 - Mental Health The 4 allele of the gene encoding...Ch. 3 - Mental Health The 4 allele of the gene encoding...Ch. 3 - Cardiovascular Disease A fascinating subject of...Ch. 3 - Cardiovascular Disease A fascinating subject of...Ch. 3 - Are these proportions prevalence rates, incidence...Ch. 3 - Prob. 104PCh. 3 - A dominantly inherited genetic disease is...Ch. 3 - A dominantly inherited genetic disease is...Ch. 3 - Prob. 107PCh. 3 - Infectious Disease, Cardiovascular Disease A...Ch. 3 - Infectious Disease, Cardiovascular Disease A...Ch. 3 - Infectious Disease, Cardiovascular Disease A...Ch. 3 - Prob. 114PCh. 3 - Genetics Suppose a birth defect has a recessive...Ch. 3 - A further study finds that after 10 generations...Ch. 3 - A further study finds that after 10 generations...Ch. 3 - Orthopedics Piriformis syndrome is a pelvic...Ch. 3 - Prob. 119PCh. 3 - Orthopedics Piriformis syndrome is a pelvic...Ch. 3 - Prob. 121PCh. 3 - Cancer Breast cancer is considered largely a...Ch. 3 - Cancer Breast cancer is considered largely a...Ch. 3 - Cancer Breast cancer is considered largely a...Ch. 3 - Prob. 125PCh. 3 - Cardiovascular Disease Mayo Clinic investigators...Ch. 3 - Prob. 127PCh. 3 - Prob. 128PCh. 3 - Prob. 129PCh. 3 - Prob. 130PCh. 3 - Prob. 131PCh. 3 - Prob. 132PCh. 3 - Radiology Mobile displays have the potential to...Ch. 3 - Radiology Mobile displays have the potential to...Ch. 3 - Prob. 135PCh. 3 - Prob. 136PCh. 3 - Prob. 137PCh. 3 - Cardiovascular Disease The ankle-arm...Ch. 3 - Cardiovascular Disease The ankle-arm...Ch. 3 - Cardiovascular Disease The ankle-arm...Ch. 3 - Prob. 141PCh. 3 - Prob. 142PCh. 3 - Prob. 143PCh. 3 - Obstetrics, Health Promotion A study was performed...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, statistics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- 1. Suppose that, in Example 2.27, 400 units of food A, 600 units of B, and 600 units of C are placed in the test tube each day and the data on daily food consumption by the bacteria (in units per day) are as shown in Table 2.6. How many bacteria of each strain can coexist in the test tube and consume all of the food? Table 2.6 Bacteria Strain I Bacteria Strain II Bacteria Strain III Food A 1 2 0 Food B 2 1 1 Food C 1 1 2arrow_forwardIn birds, wingspan is determined by two genes, one with complete dominance of one allele over theother, one with additive effects. Birds with genotype aabb has 16 cm long wingspan, whereas those with AABB has 20 cm long wingspan. A cross between AABB and aabb parents produced F1 with19cm wingspan. Crossing the F1s produced F2 with the following phenotypes (in cm): 20.0 19.6 18.3 20.0 19.1 18.7 18.2 17.316.0 19.2 17.8 18.4 19.3 19.5 20.0 19.7 NOTE: write the formula and the final answer a. Mean of the data b. Variance of the data c. Standard deviation d. According to these data, which wingspans are within one standard deviation of the mean?arrow_forwardIn the current pandemic, researchers are working on creating antibody tests to determine which individuals have already had an infection caused by the COVID-19 virus. If someone has been infected, then they will have certain antibodies in their system and the hope is that a highly accurate test can be created to detect these antibodies. Assume a researcher creates a new antibody test, which for individuals who are known to have had the infection in the past and thus truly have the COVID-19 antibodies, gives a positive result 95% of the time. This same test gives a negative result 90% of time for people who do not have the antibodies. Assume that COVID-19 has affected 5% of the population in the region of interest. What is the probability someone has NOT been infected previously given that their antibody test result comes back positive? [four decimals]arrow_forward
- In a comparative study of two new drugs, A and B, 350 patients were treated with drug A, and 225 patients were treated with drug B. (The two treatment groups were randomly and independently chosen.) It was found that 241 patients were cured using drug A and 157 patients were cured using drug B. Let p1 be the proportion of the population of all patients who are cured using drug A, and let p2 be the proportion of the population of all patients who are cured using drug B. Find a 90% confidence interval for −p1p2 . Then complete the table below. Carry your intermediate computations to at least three decimal places. Round your responses to at least three decimal places. (If necessary, consult a list of formulas.) What is the lower limit of the 90% confidence interval? What is the upper limit of the 90% confidence interval?arrow_forwardA disgruntled employee of a prominent delivery company in Baltimore County is accused of adding water into the fuel tanks of a large fleet of delivery vehicles. The manager asked the guard who observed the act to walk the parking lot with him to identify a sample of vehicles closer to the guards' booth. Upon returning to his office, the manager figured that since all the vehicles were of the same color, same engine size, and were on an inventory purchased and delivered just about the same year when all the previously existing vehicles were sold away, the decision to include the entire fleet for testing prior to filing the police report. The vehicles inventory could be described as . . .arrow_forwardIn a study of the domestic market share of the three major automobile manufacturers A, B, and C in a certain country, it was found that their current market shares were 65%, 10%, and 25%, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that of the customers who bought a car manufactured by A, 75% would again buy a car manufactured by A, 15% would buy a car manufactured by B, and 10% would buy a car manufactured by C. Of the customers who bought a car manufactured by B, 90% would again buy a car manufactured by B, whereas 5% each would buy cars manufactured by A and C. Finally, of the customers who bought a car manufactured by C, 85% would again buy a car manufactured by C, 5% would buy a car manufactured by A, and 10% would buy a car manufactured by B. Assuming that these sentiments reflect the buying habits of customers in the future, determine the market share that will be held by each manufacturer after the next two model years. (Round your answers to the nearest percent.)arrow_forward
- A murder scene is found with two types of blood - that of the victim and that ofthe murderer. As luck would have it, the unidentified blood has an incredibly rareblood disorder, only found in 1 in every million men. The capital and surroundingareas have a population of 20 million - and the police are sure the murderer isfrom the capital. The police have already started cataloging all citizens' bloodtypes for their new super crime-database. They already have nearly 1 millionmale samples in there - and bingo - one man, Mr XY, is a match. He is promptlymarched off to trial, there is no other evidence, but the jury are told that the oddsare 1 in a million that he is innocent. He is duly convicted. The question is, howlikely is it that he did not commit this crime?arrow_forwardIn a study of the domestic market share of the three major automobile manufacturers A, B, and C in a certain country, it was found that their current market shares were 45%, 20%, and 35%, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that of the customers who bought a car manufactured by A, 75% would again buy a car manufactured by A, 15% would buy a car manufactured by B, and 10% would buy a car manufactured by C. Of the customers who bought a car manufactured by B, 90% would again buy a car manufactured by B, whereas 5% each would buy cars manufactured by A and C. Finally, of the customers who bought a car manufactured by C, 85% would again buy a car manufactured by C, 5% would buy a car manufactured by A, and 10% would buy a car manufactured by B. Assuming that these sentiments reflect the buying habits of customers in the future, determine the market share that will be held by each manufacturer after the next two model years. (Round your answers to the nearest percent.) A % B…arrow_forwardHow many generations of natural selection will it take for the frequency of a recessive lethal allele to drop from 17% to 0.1%?arrow_forward
- A pharmaceutical company claims that after the clinical trials, it will release the first-ever cure for COVID-19. If they have committed an error of judgement, which type of error would they rather have, Type I or Type II? Why?arrow_forwardA consumer products testing group is evaluating two competing brands of tires, Brand 1 and Brand 2. Tread wear can vary considerably depending on the type of car, and the group is trying to eliminate this effect by installing the two brands on the same 12 cars, chosen at random. In particular, each car has one tire of each brand on its front wheels, with half of the cars chosen at random to have Brand 1 on the left front wheel, and the rest to have Brand 2 there. After all of the cars are driven over the standard test course for 20,000 miles, the amount of tread wear (in inches) is recorded, as shown in the table below. Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Brand 1 0.64 0.53 0.32 0.61 0.59 0.64 0.34 0.58 0.53 0.43 0.38 0.34 Brand 2 0.47 0.48 0.31 0.37 0.56 0.37 0.30 0.57 0.49 0.41 0.50 0.17 Difference(Brand 1 - Brand 2) 0.17…arrow_forwardIn a previous poll, 42% of adults with children under the age of 18 reported that their family ate dinner together seven nights a week. Suppose that, in a more recent poll, of 1060 adults with children under the age of 18 reported that their family ate dinner together seven nights a week.dinner together seven nights a week. Suppose that, in a more recent poll, 423 of 1060adults with children under the age of 18 reported that their family ate dinner together seven nights a week. Is there sufficient evidence that the proportion of families with children under the age of 18 who eat dinner together seven nights a week has decreased? Use the α=0.01 significance level. (a) What are the null and alternative hypotheses? (b) H0 versus H1 (c) Find the test statistic, z0. (d) Find the P-value. Is there sufficient evidence that the proportion of families with children under the age of 18 who eat dinner together seven nights a week has decreased?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Linear Algebra: A Modern IntroductionAlgebraISBN:9781285463247Author:David PoolePublisher:Cengage Learning
Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction
Algebra
ISBN:9781285463247
Author:David Poole
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Continuous Probability Distributions - Basic Introduction; Author: The Organic Chemistry Tutor;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxqxdQ_g2uw;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Probability Density Function (p.d.f.) Finding k (Part 1) | ExamSolutions; Author: ExamSolutions;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsuS2ehsTDM;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Find the value of k so that the Function is a Probability Density Function; Author: The Math Sorcerer;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqoCZWrVnbA;License: Standard Youtube License