Cancer Breast cancer is considered largely a hormonal disease. An important hormone in breast-cancer research is estradiol. The data in Table 3.18 on serum estradiol levels were obtained from 213 breast-cancer cases and 432 agematched controls. All women were age 50–59 years. Suppose a serum-estradiol level of 20+ pg/mL is proposed as a screening criterion for identifying breast-cancer cases. Table 3.18 Serum-estradiol data The preceding sample was selected to oversample cases. In the general population, the prevalence of breast cancer is about 2% among women 50–59 years of age. What is the probability of breast cancer among 50- to 59-year-old women in the general population who have a serum-estradiol level of ≥ 20 pg/mL? What is another name for this quantity?
Cancer Breast cancer is considered largely a hormonal disease. An important hormone in breast-cancer research is estradiol. The data in Table 3.18 on serum estradiol levels were obtained from 213 breast-cancer cases and 432 agematched controls. All women were age 50–59 years. Suppose a serum-estradiol level of 20+ pg/mL is proposed as a screening criterion for identifying breast-cancer cases. Table 3.18 Serum-estradiol data The preceding sample was selected to oversample cases. In the general population, the prevalence of breast cancer is about 2% among women 50–59 years of age. What is the probability of breast cancer among 50- to 59-year-old women in the general population who have a serum-estradiol level of ≥ 20 pg/mL? What is another name for this quantity?
Breast cancer is considered largely a hormonal disease. An important hormone in breast-cancer research is estradiol. The data in Table 3.18 on serum estradiol levels were obtained from 213 breast-cancer cases and 432 agematched controls. All women were age 50–59 years.
Suppose a serum-estradiol level of 20+ pg/mL is proposed as a screening criterion for identifying breast-cancer cases.
Table 3.18 Serum-estradiol data
The preceding sample was selected to oversample cases. In the general population, the prevalence of breast cancer is about 2% among women 50–59 years of age.
What is the probability of breast cancer among 50- to 59-year-old women in the general population who have a serum-estradiol level of ≥ 20 pg/mL? What is another name for this quantity?
Compare the two separate scatterplots. In particular, how do the associtation compare between women with pets vs. women without pets? Does one group have more variation in systolic blood pressure than the other? If so, for which group? Does systolic blood pressure seem higher for common ages between the two groups? If so, for which group?
A cohort study is conducted to assess the association between clinical characteristics and the risk of stroke. The study involves n=1,250 participants who are free of stroke at the study start. Each participant is assessed at study start (baseline) and every year thereafter for five years.
The following table displays data on hypertensive status measured at baseline and incident stroke over 5 years.
Free of Stroke at 5 Years
Stroke
Baseline: Not Hypertensive
952
46
Baseline: Hypertensive
234
18
Compute the population attributable risk of stroke for patients with hypertension.
A cohort study is conducted to assess the association between clinical characteristics and the risk of stroke. The study involves n=1,250 participants who are free of stroke at the study start. Each participant is assessed at study start (baseline) and every year thereafter for five years.
The following table displays data on hypertensive status measured at baseline and incident stroke over 5 years.
Free of Stroke at 5 Years
Stroke
Baseline: Not Hypertensive
952
46
Baseline: Hypertensive
234
18
Compute the risk difference of stroke (per 5 person-years) for patients with hypertension as compared to patients free of hypertension.
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