Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The number of different 8-mer sequences of DNA needs to be determined, where there are 16 possible dinucleotides and 64 possible trinucleotides and each position can be one of the four bases, corresponding to two bits of information.
Introduction:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule consisting of two strands that twist around each other to create a double strand containing DNA directions for the development, working, growth and breeding of all recognized species and many bacteria. Also recognized as polynucleotides, the two DNA sections consist of simpler monomeric blocks called nucleotides.
(b)
Interpretation:
The number of bits of information that are stored in an 8-mer DNA sequence, in E.coli genome and in human genome needs to be determined.
Introduction:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule consisting of two strands that twist around each other to create a double strand containing DNA directions for the development, working, growth and breeding of all recognized species and many bacteria. Also recognized as polynucleotides, the two DNA sections consist of simpler monomeric blocks called nucleotides.
(c)
Interpretation:
The calculated values in part (b) needs to be compared with the information stored on a 2 gigabyte flash drive.
Introduction:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule consisting of two strands that twist around each other to create a double strand containing DNA directions for the development, working, growth and breeding of all recognized species and many bacteria. Also recognized as polynucleotides, the two DNA sections consist of simpler monomeric blocks called nucleotides.
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Biochemistry (Looseleaf)
- help..arrow_forwardThe following is diagram of a generalized tetranucleotide. Carbons exist at corners on the shapes and phosphate groups are filled circles A. Suppose that one of the precursors for the tetranucleotide in the diagram was a 32P-labeled guanine nucleoside triphosphate (the innermost phosphate containing the radioactive phosphorus). Where is the radioactive phosphorus atom (i.e., one of the solid black balls) as it exists in the tetranucleotide B. If spleen diesterase (which induces breaks between the phosphate and the 5’ carbon) is used to digest the pictured tetranucleotide, state which base(s) among the breakdown products will be expected to be attached to the 32P.arrow_forwardDrawing of DNA Structure Next, draw the structure of your double-stranded DNA molecule with circles representing the beads you used. Label each circle with the color bead: W for white, R for red, Y for yellow, O for orange, B for blue, and G for green. Also include the hydrogen bond barbells. a. Draw your double-stranded DNA structure here:arrow_forward
- 5’ - A T G G C C C A A C T G A C C - 3’ a. How many nucleotides are listed here b. How many codons are listed here c. What are the three structural components of one nucleotide D.Write the appropriate sequence for the complementary strand above or below the sequence shown. Be sure to include which end of the complementary strand is 5’ and which end is 3 E.If the above sequence is the coding strand, write the RNA strand that will be transcribedarrow_forwardCompare and contrast the structure of DNA and RNA. Be sure to describe each of the three components of a nucleotide for both DNA and RNA along with the types of bonds formed between the components. In addition, explain: how the nucleotides link together to form each molecule, why the prime ends are labeled 5’ and 3’, what antiparallel is, what phospodiester linkages are and what complementary base pairing is.arrow_forwardNot sure if correctarrow_forward
- a. Write the structural formula of GAC, a portion of DNA. Write the complementary strand adjacent to it so that the complementary bases are side by side. Connect the appropriate base pairs. b. Sticking to the convention of writing the nucleotide sequence in the 5'-3' direction, what is the nucleotide sequence of the DNA strand complementary to ATGCACCATGCT?arrow_forwardComposition as a mole fraction of one of a double-stranded DNA strand T = 0.22 and C = 0.30. In the light of this information, the following values are Calculate as a fraction. If the given information is used to calculate the desired value, If it is not sufficient, indicate the result as X.arrow_forwardConsider normal B-form DNA. It forms a regular antiparallel double-helical structure with Watson-Crick base-pairing mediated through hydrogen bonding. The base pairs all stack upon one another, with 3.4 Å spacing between them. DNA strands having a complementary sequence will spontaneously form a double-helix in an aqueous solution. In terms of energy, what primarily drives helix formation? O Positive Entropy from base stacking van der Waals interactions O Hoogsteen interactions Positive Enthalpy from Hydrogen Bonding between GC and AT pairs Negative Enthalpy from Hydrogen Bonding between GC and AT pairs O Negative Entropy from base stackingarrow_forward
- Codon-Anticodon Recognition: Base-Pairing Possibilities (Integrates with Chapter 11.) Draw base-pair structures for (a) a G:C base pair. (b) a C:G base pair. (C) a G:U base pair, and (d) a U:G base pair. Note how these various base pairs differ in the potential hydrogen-bonding patterns they present within the major groove and minor groove of a double-helical nucleic acid.arrow_forwardTRUE OR FALSE] 11. The structure of the DNA, being super coiled, promotes increased viscosity of the molecule.12. The stacking position of the nitrogenous bases is caused by intramolecular Van der Waals Interaction.13. The histone complex is a quaternary protein structure.14. The difference between ribose and deoxyribose is in the presence of oxygen in carbon number 3 of the sugar moiety.15. The sedimentation coefficient of the nucleic acid is higher compared to ribosomes.arrow_forwardRecall the DNA’s three-dimensional model. The DNA is a right-handed helix wherein onecomplete 360 0 turn covers a distance of 34 angstroms (Å) or 3.4 nm and 10 base pairs. As a result, thebase pairs are separated by a distance of approximately 3.4 Å. The diameter of the Watson and CrickDNA molecule is 20 Å.Calculate the average number of nucleotide pairs (or base pairs) per micrometer of DNA doublehelix according to the dimension mentioned above. Round off your answer to the nearest wholenumber. Note also that 1 micrometer = 10,000 angstroms.arrow_forward
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