The relationship between pair 1 and 6 needs to be described. Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules. The possible relations are as follows: Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. They may have different arrangements but by rotation the molecule become superimposable to the other. Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation. Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds. Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 5E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 1 and 6 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. They may have different arrangements but by rotation the molecule become superimposable to the other.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 4 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 4 and 5 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 5 and 8 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 7 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 8 and 9 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 10 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 12 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(n)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(o)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 14 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

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Please identify the relationship between each pair of structures as: (i) identical, (ii) constitutional, (iii) conformational, (iv) enantiomers, or (v) diastereomers. Choose only one label per pair of structures.

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(a) Draw a skeletal structure of the anabolic steroid methenolone from the following description. Methenolone contains the tetracyclic steroid skeleton with a carbonyl group at C3, a hydroxyl at C17, a double bond between C1 and C2, and methyl groups bonded to C1, C10, and C13. (b) Add wedges and dashed wedges for all stereogenic centers with thefollowing information: the configuration at C10 is R, the configuration at C13 is S, the configuration at C17 is S, and all substituents at ring fusions are trans to each other. (c) Draw the structure of Primobolan, the product formed when methenolone is treated with CH3(CH2)5COCl and pyridine. Primobolan is an anabolic steroid that can be taken orally or by injection and has been used illegally by well-known Major League Baseball players.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 5E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 1 and 6 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. They may have different arrangements but by rotation the molecule become superimposable to the other.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 4 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 4 and 5 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 5 and 8 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 7 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 8 and 9 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 10 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 12 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(n)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(o)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 14 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 5E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 1 and 6 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. They may have different arrangements but by rotation the molecule become superimposable to the other.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 4 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 4 and 5 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 5 and 8 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 7 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 8 and 9 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 10 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 12 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(n)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(o)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 14 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 5E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 1 and 6 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. They may have different arrangements but by rotation the molecule become superimposable to the other.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 4 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 4 and 5 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 5 and 8 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 7 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 8 and 9 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 10 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 12 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(n)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(o)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 14 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 5E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 1 and 6 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. They may have different arrangements but by rotation the molecule become superimposable to the other.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 4 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 4 and 5 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 5 and 8 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 7 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 8 and 9 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 10 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 12 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(n)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

(o)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 14 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 5E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 1 and 6 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. They may have different arrangements but by rotation the molecule become superimposable to the other.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 5E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 1 and 6 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. They may have different arrangements but by rotation the molecule become superimposable to the other.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 4 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 4 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 4 and 5 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 4 and 5 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 5 and 8 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 5 and 8 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 7 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 2 and 7 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 18

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 8 and 9 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 19

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 8 and 9 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 20

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 10 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 21

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 10 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 22

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 12 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 23

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 12 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 24

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 25

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 26

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 27

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 13 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 28

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 29

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 30

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 31

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 11 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 32

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 33

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 2 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 34

(n)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 35

(n)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 12 and 3 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 36

(o)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 14 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 37

(o)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The relationship between pair 7 and 14 needs to be described.

Concept Introduction: The possible relationship between two structures depends on the molecular formula and structural arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

The possible relations are as follows:

Identical: Two molecular structures are identical if they have same molecular formula as well as same arrangement of atoms. The bonding substituent and their positions are same in the identical molecules.

Conformers: Two molecules are said to be conformer if they have different orientation of atoms by rotation around a single bond. They are also known as conformational isomer. For example, eclipse and staggered conformation.

Configurational isomer: They cannot be converted into one another due to the rotation around a single bond. For example, geometric and optical isomers. They can be interconverted after breaking of old bonds and making of new bonds.

Constitutional isomer: They are also known as structural isomers. They have same molecular formula, but the bonding of groups is different. For example, n-pentane and isopentane.

Answer 38

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 39

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 40

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Answer 41

Ch. 7 - Prob. 1CTQ Ch. 7 - Prob. 2CTQ Ch. 7 - Prob. 3CTQ Ch. 7 - Draw wedge and dash skeletal representations of...Ch. 7 - Label each ring in Figure 7.2 cis or trans.Ch. 7 - Prob. 6CTQ Ch. 7 - Prob. 7CTQ Ch. 7 - Prob. 8CTQ Ch. 7 - a model of cyclohexane in a chair conformation,...Ch. 7 - Prob. 10CTQ

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