Chapter 8, Problem 9E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The curved arrow to show electron movement in the first carbocation rearrangement should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbocation is a general term employed for a postively charged carbon irrespective of valency of carbon. In carbocation, carbon is bonded to 3 atoms or groups and has only sextet of electrons so it behaves as an electron-deficient species. It is $s{p}^2$ hybridized with a vacant $p$ orbital and has a planar geometry.

The order of relative stability of various possible carbocation species is as follows:

  

Some special carbocation may attain stability via ring explosion. This also occurs since five-membered rings are more stable than strained three or four-membered ring.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The curved arrow to show electron movement in the second carbocation rearrangement should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbocation is a general term employed for a postively charged carbon irrespective of valency of carbon. In carbocation, carbon is bonded to 3 atoms or groups and has only sextet of electrons so it behaves as an electron-deficient species. It is $s{p}^2$ hybridized with a vacant $p$ orbital and has a planar geometry.

The order of relative stability of various possible carbocation species is as follows:

  

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The force that drives this rearrangement should be illustrated.

Concept introduction: Carbocation is a general term employed for a postively charged carbon irrespective of valency of carbon. In carbocation, carbon is bonded to 3 atoms or groups and has only sextet of electrons so it behaves as an electron-deficient species. It is $s{p}^2$ hybridized with a vacant $p$ orbital and has a planar geometry.

The order of relative stability of various possible carbocation species is as follows: