a. Porphobilinogen is a precuror to the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and many other biological molecules. Draw the form of the molecule with a +1 net charge. What would the net charge of the molecule be at physiological pH? co co H2N porphobilinogen b. Look up the structures of the hormones adrenaline and estrogen (estrone). Estrogen can diffuse across a cell membrane, while adrenaline cannot. Use your knowledge of cell membranes, physical properties of organic molecules, and acid-base chemistry to explain this observation.
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- An "AA" genotype at the ALOX5AP -4900 A>G locus acting in the 5-lipoxygenase pathway may increase risk of breast cancer when intake of which fatty acid is high? a) Stearic acid b) Eicosapentanoic acid c) Linoleic acid d) Alpha-linolenic acidDefine the following terms: a. pyruvate/alanine b. racemization c. PLP d. ping-pong mechanism e. de novoDescribe the use of simple paths to determine the change in these by more complicated paths (ie burning sugar to CO2 and H2O can be used to determine the change in enthalpy of the conversion of sugar to CO2 and H2O by the more complicated processes of glycolysis, CAC and oxidative phosphorylation).
- Which of the following is correct? A. The gene CYP21A2 is the one that codes for the formation of glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase B. Simple virilizing form of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is the most sever form of this disorder C. Salt wasting type of congenita adrenal hyperplasia is the most severe form of this disorder. D. The gene CYP21A1 is the one that codes for the formation of galactokinase in type 2 galactosemia.A newborn baby, Alex, shows abnormal results on a routine newborn screening test. The baby appears healthy but the test results indicate possible concerns regarding carbohydrate metabolism. Screening Results: • Elevated levels of galactitol in urine. Family History: No known familial diseases. Parents are non- consanguineous and healthy. Question: Given the screening results, hypothesize a metabolic condition that could explain the elevation of galactitol in Alex's urine. Describe the biochemical pathway affected, potential long- term complications, and management strategies for the diagnosed condition.Refer to the figure below and answer the following questions: Legend: Blue – wild-type β-galactosidase; Red – mutant β-galactosidase _________ a. What is the optimum pH of wild type β-galactosidase? _________ b. What is the optimum temperature of mutant β-galactosidase? _________ c. Which enzyme has the greater activity at pH 7.2? _________ d. Which enzyme has the greater activity at a temperature of 42.5oC? _________ e. Which enzyme has greater activity if pH decreases from 7.5 to 6.4? _________ f. Which enzyme has greater activity if temperature increases from 40oC to 41 oC?
- Explain how the prolong intake of antacids can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency?The following diagram shows the biosynthesis of B12 coenzymes, starting with the vitamin. DMB is dimethylbenzimidazole. (a) What one additional substrate or cofactor is required by enzyme B?(b) Genetic deficiency in animals of enzyme C would result in excessiveurinary excretion of what compound?(c) Some forms of the condition described in (b) can be successfully treatedby injection of rather massive doses of vitamin B12. What kind ofgenetic alteration in the enzyme would be consistent with this result?(d) Genetic deficiency in animals of enzyme B will result in excessive urinaryexcretion of what amino acid?Homocystinuria is caused by a defect in cystathionine beta-synthase (or 13-synthase), which leads to an accumulation of homocysteine in the blood. This accumulation causes symptoms such as a tall, thin frame, flushed cheeks, and osteoporosis (thinning of the bones). These individuals should limit their intake of proteins that contain methionine, such as egg whites. Using your understanding of biochemistry, explain why people with Homocystinuria should not consume egg whites and other such proteins.
- A point mutation in Hb diminishes hydrophobicity at the heme. Which of the following impacts would you predict? . Increased oxidation of Fe2+ and loss of O2 binding b. Decreased negative charges needed at the dimer/dimer interface to stabilize the T-state c. Decreased positive charges needed at the dimer/dimer interface to stabilize the T-state d. Shift the O2 binding curve of Hb to the left e. Decreased affinity for BPG in the T-stateWhich of the following regulatory mechanisms will specifically inhibit pyrimidine synthesis (and not also purine synthesis)? (A) allosteric regulation of aspartate transcarbamoylase by CTP(B) allosteric regulation of aspartate transcarbamoylase by ATP(C) synergistic inhibition of PRPP synthetase by AMP/GMP/IMP(D) synergistic inhibition of PRPP amidotransferase by AMP/GMP/IMP (E) feedback inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by dATPMany species have a third type of LDH subunit that is found predominantly in the testes. If this subunit, called C, were expressed in other tissues and could combine with the M and H subunits, how many LDH isozymes would be possible? What would their compositions be?