For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn. Concept Introduction: Activating and deactivating groups: If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions. If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 6

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 7

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 10

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 22.1 - Prob. 22.1P Ch. 22.1 - Write a structural formula for the product from...Ch. 22.1 - Prob. 22.3P Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 22.4P Ch. 22.2 - Predict the major produce(s) of each electrophilic...Ch. 22.3 - In SN2 reactions of haloalkanes, the order of...Ch. 22 - Prob. 22.8P Ch. 22 - Prob. 22.9P Ch. 22 - Addition of m-xylene to the strongly acidic...Ch. 22 - Addition of tert-butylbenzene to the strongly...

Solution Summary: The author explains that if substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich, they are known as activating and deactivating groups.

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Chapter 22 Solutions