Fundamentals of Biostatistics
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305268920
Author: Bernard Rosner
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 5, Problem 98P
To determine
Find the relative risk of macular degeneration among lutein-treated participants versus placebo-treated participants.
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A well-known study of 22,000 male physicians was conducted to determine if taking aspirin daily reduces the chances of a heart attack. Half of the physicians were given a regular dose of aspirin while the other half was given placebos. Six years later, among those who took aspirin, 104 suffered heart attacks while among those who took placebos, 189 suffered heart attacks. Does it appear that the aspirin can reduce the number of heart attacks among the sample group that took aspirin? Use α = 0.05.
A researcher decides to conduct a study to observe the association between smoking cessation among long-term smokers and obesity since it has been previously well documented in the literature that smokers tend to gain weight when they stop smoking. The researcher notes that among the individuals who gain weight, many of them have developed heart problems or other medical problems that typically prevent them from exercising as much as their counterparts. In this case the individuals who developed these health problems had specific genetic markers putting them at higher risk of developing their health problems while they were smoking than their counterparts. This is an example of which of the following?
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An independent research group has been studying the chances that an accident at a nuclear power plant will result in radiation leakage. The group considers that the only possible types of accidents at a reactor are fire, mechanical failure, and human error, and that two or more accidents never occur together. It has performed studies that indicate that if there were a fire, a radiation leak would occur 20 percent of the time; if there were a mechanical failure, a radiation leak would occur 50 percent of the time; and if there were a human error, a radiation leak would occur 10 percent of the time. Its studies have also shown that the probability of
A fire and a radiation leak occurring together is 0.0010.
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A human error and a radiation leak occurring together is 0.0012.
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Chapter 5 Solutions
Fundamentals of Biostatistics
Ch. 5.4 - What is the difference between a...Ch. 5.4 - Suppose a continuous random variable can only take...Ch. 5.4 - What is a standard normal distribution?Ch. 5.4 - (a) What is the area to the left of 0.2 under a...Ch. 5.4 - (a) What is z.30? What does it mean? (b) What is...Ch. 5.5 - What is the difference between a standard normal...Ch. 5.5 - What does the principle of standardization mean?Ch. 5.5 - Suppose the distribution of serum-cholesterol...Ch. 5.8 - Why do we use the normal approximation to the...Ch. 5.8 - Prob. C.2RE
Ch. 5.8 - The prevalence of glaucoma among the elderly in...Ch. 5.8 - The number of deaths from heart failure in a...Ch. 5 - Because serum cholesterol is related to age and...Ch. 5 - Because serum cholesterol is related to age and...Ch. 5 - Because serum cholesterol is related to age and...Ch. 5 - Because serum cholesterol is related to age and...Ch. 5 - Because serum cholesterol is related to age and...Ch. 5 - Suppose that total carbohydrate intake in 12- to...Ch. 5 - Suppose that total carbohydrate intake in 12- to...Ch. 5 - Suppose boys in this age range who live below the...Ch. 5 - Suppose boys in this age range who live below the...Ch. 5 - A study was conducted assessing the effect of...Ch. 5 - A study was conducted assessing the effect of...Ch. 5 - The duration of cigarette smoking has been linked...Ch. 5 - The duration of cigarette smoking has been linked...Ch. 5 - Serum cholesterol is an important risk factor for...Ch. 5 - Serum cholesterol is an important risk factor for...Ch. 5 - Serum cholesterol is an important risk factor for...Ch. 5 - People are classified as hypertensive if their...Ch. 5 - People are classified as hypertensive if their...Ch. 5 - People are classified as hypertensive if their...Ch. 5 - People are classified as hypertensive if their...Ch. 5 - Forced expiratory volume (FEV) is an index of...Ch. 5 - Forced expiratory volume (FEV) is an index of...Ch. 5 - Forced expiratory volume (FEV) is an index of...Ch. 5 - Forced expiratory volume (FEV) is an index of...Ch. 5 - The differential is a standard measurement made...Ch. 5 - The differential is a standard measurement made...Ch. 5 - The differential is a standard measurement made...Ch. 5 - The differential is a standard measurement made...Ch. 5 - The differential is a standard measurement made...Ch. 5 - The differential is a standard measurement made...Ch. 5 - Blood Chemistry In pharmacologic research a...Ch. 5 - Blood Chemistry In pharmacologic research a...Ch. 5 - Blood Chemistry In pharmacologic research a...Ch. 5 - In pharmacologic research a variety of clinical...Ch. 5 - Blood Chemistry In pharmacologic research a...Ch. 5 - A treatment trial is proposed to test the efficacy...Ch. 5 - A treatment trial is proposed to test the efficacy...Ch. 5 - A treatment trial is proposed to test the efficacy...Ch. 5 - Is the measure in Problem 5.38 a measure of...Ch. 5 - A treatment trial is proposed to test the efficacy...Ch. 5 - Refer to the pulmonary-function data in the Data...Ch. 5 - Prob. 43PCh. 5 - Refer to the pulmonary-function data in the Data...Ch. 5 - Prob. 45PCh. 5 - A clinical trial was conducted to test the...Ch. 5 - Well-known racial differences in blood pressure...Ch. 5 - Well-known racial differences in blood pressure...Ch. 5 - Prob. 49PCh. 5 - Suppose we observe 84 alcoholics with cirrhosis of...Ch. 5 - What is the probability of observing at least 29...Ch. 5 - Suppose we observe 84 alcoholics with cirrhosis of...Ch. 5 - FIGURE 5.22 Plasma-aldosterone concentrations in...Ch. 5 - FIGURE 5.22 Plasma-aldosterone concentrations in...Ch. 5 - Pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus...Ch. 5 - Officials in the State Health Department are...Ch. 5 - Prob. 57PCh. 5 - A study was conducted relating particulate air...Ch. 5 - Prob. 59PCh. 5 - Refer to Data Set VALID.DAT (at...Ch. 5 - Refer to Data Set VALID.DAT (at...Ch. 5 - Prob. 62PCh. 5 - A study concerned the risk of cancer among...Ch. 5 - Prob. 64PCh. 5 - A doctor diagnoses a patient as hypertensive and...Ch. 5 - A doctor diagnoses a patient as hypertensive and...Ch. 5 - Suppose the physician is not sure whether the...Ch. 5 - A study compared different treatments for...Ch. 5 - A study compared different treatments for...Ch. 5 - A study compared different treatments for...Ch. 5 - Obesity is an important determinant of...Ch. 5 - Prob. 72PCh. 5 - Prob. 73PCh. 5 - Prob. 74PCh. 5 - Prob. 75PCh. 5 - Prob. 76PCh. 5 - Answer the question in Problem 5.75 for a binomial...Ch. 5 - Prob. 78PCh. 5 - Prob. 79PCh. 5 - Prob. 81PCh. 5 - Prob. 82PCh. 5 - Prob. 83PCh. 5 - Prob. 85PCh. 5 - Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic ocular...Ch. 5 - Prob. 87PCh. 5 - Prob. 88PCh. 5 - Prob. 89PCh. 5 - Physicians recommend that children with type-I...Ch. 5 - Physicians recommend that children with type-I...Ch. 5 - Prob. 92PCh. 5 - Prob. 93PCh. 5 - Prob. 94PCh. 5 - Prob. 95PCh. 5 - A previous study found that people consuming large...Ch. 5 - A previous study found that people consuming large...Ch. 5 - Prob. 98PCh. 5 - A study was recently published in Western...Ch. 5 - Prob. 100PCh. 5 - Prob. 101PCh. 5 - Prob. 102PCh. 5 - Prob. 103PCh. 5 - Prob. 104PCh. 5 - Prob. 105PCh. 5 - What is the 40th percentile of a normal...Ch. 5 - What is the sum of the 40th and 60th percentiles...Ch. 5 - What is z.90?Ch. 5 - A study was performed of different predictors of...Ch. 5 - A study was performed of different predictors of...Ch. 5 - Prob. 111PCh. 5 - Prob. 112PCh. 5 - Cancer The Shanghai Womens Health Study (SWHS) was...Ch. 5 - Prob. 114PCh. 5 - Prob. 115PCh. 5 - Prob. 116PCh. 5 - Prob. 117PCh. 5 - Prob. 118PCh. 5 - Prob. 119PCh. 5 - Prob. 120PCh. 5 - Prob. 121PCh. 5 - Prob. 122PCh. 5 - Prob. 123PCh. 5 - Prob. 124PCh. 5 - Hypertension Blood pressure readings are known to...Ch. 5 - Prob. 126PCh. 5 - Prob. 127PCh. 5 - Prob. 128PCh. 5 - Prob. 129PCh. 5 - Prob. 130P
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- Consider a proposed case-control study of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and maternal boba tea consumption in Irvine. Assume that 20% of Irvine mothers are regular consumers (at least 3 servings per week) of boba tea, and that the prevalence of ASD is 1/59 (making it a somewhat rare disease). Also assume that 50% of Irvine mothers who regularly consume boba tea prefer black milk tea, that the prevalence of regular boba tea consumption among mothers of autistic children is 25%, that each participant will be paid $30 to join the study, and that there are at least 1,000 mothers of autistic children and at least 100,000 mothers of non-autistic children in Irvine who are willing to participate in the study if compensated. If these assumptions are correct, what is the odds ratio describing the association between regular boba tea consumption and ASD? HINT: Recall that the disease odds ratio is equal to the exposure odds ratio.arrow_forwardHistorically, the proportion of people who trade in their old car to a car dealer when purchasing a new car is 48%. Over the previous six months, in a sample of 115 new car buyers, 46 have traded in their old car. To determine whether the proportion of new car buyers that trade in their old car has this is sickly significantly decreased, what is the null and alternative hypothesis?arrow_forwardResearch done at the Harvard School of Public Health showed that regular soda drinkers may have a tendency toward the weak and brittle bones associated with osteoporosis. They surveyed 2,622 women who were active athletes in college and classified them as to whether they regularly drank soft drinks or rarely drank soft drinks. The proportion of women in each group who suffered from bone fractures was determined. The findings: those who regularly drank soft drinks were twice as likely to suffer from bone fractures as those who rarely drank soft drinks. Source: Health and Fitness News Service, August 21, 1996. a. Was this an observational study or an experiment? Explain.b. What is the population under study?c. What was the explanatory variable?d. What was the response variable?e. What are some possible confounding variables in this study?arrow_forward
- The authors of the article "Adjuvant Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy in Node-Positive Premenopausal Women with Breast Cancer"† reported on the results of an experiment designed to compare treating cancer patients with chemotherapy only to treatment with a combination of chemotherapy and radiation. Of the 154 individuals who received the chemotherapy-only treatment, 76 survived at least 15 years, whereas 98 of the 164 patients who received the hybrid treatment survived at least that long. With p1 denoting the proportion of all such women who, when treated with just chemotherapy, survive at least 15 years and p2 denoting the analogous proportion for the hybrid treatment, p̂1 = (rounded to three decimal places) and p̂2 = (rounded to three decimal places). A confidence interval for the difference between proportions based on the traditional formula with a confidence level of approximately 99% is 0.494 − 0.598 ± (2.58) (0.494)(0.506) 154 + (0.598)(0.402) 164…arrow_forwardA national study found that treating people appropriately for high blood pressure reduced their overall mortality by 20%. Treating people adequately for hypertension has been difficult because it is estimated that 50% of hypertensives do not know they have high blood pressure, 50% of those who do know are inadequately treated by their physicians, and 50% who are appropriately treated fail to follow this treatment by taking the right number of pills. If the preceding 50% rates were each reduced to 35% by a massive education program, then what effect would this change have on the overall mortality rate among true hypertensives; that is, would the mortality rate decrease and, if so, what percentage of deaths among hypertensives could be prevented by the education program? (Round your answer to two decimal places.) The overall mortality rate among hypertensives would be reduced by how much? If possible please demonstarte how this can be done on a calculator, thank you!arrow_forward
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