Skip to main content

Bartleby Sitemap - Textbook Solutions

All Textbook Solutions for Principles of Cost Accounting

4P Sifting, the second department in a three-department production process for Finest Flour Inc., received 10,000 units with a total cost of 25,000 from Milling during May. Production costs in Sifting during the month were: materials, 6,000; labor, 3,000; and factory overhead, 9,000. Of the 10,000 units transferred in, 8,000 were completed and transferred to Packaging during the month and 2,000 remained in work in process at the end of the month, one-fourth complete. Required: Prepare a cost of production summary for Sifting for the month ended May 31. (Round unit costs to three decimal places and totals to the nearest whole dollar.)Forming, the second department in a three-department production process for Chula Vista Can Inc., received 15,000 units with a total cost of 45,000 from Blanking during the month of May. Production costs in Forming during the month were: materials, 9,000; labor, 6,000; and factory overhead, 12,000. Of the 15,000 units transferred in, 12,000 were completed and transferred to Finishing during the month and 3,000 remained in work in process at the end of the month, two-thirds complete. Required: Prepare a cost of production summary for Forming for the month ended May 31.Premier Products Inc. has three departments and uses the process cost system of accounting. A portion of the departmental cost work sheet prepared by the cost accountant at the end of July is reproduced below. Required: Prepare a cost of production summary for each department. (Round unit costs to three decimal places and totals to the nearest whole dollar.)Premier Products Inc. has three departments and uses the process cost system of accounting. A portion of the departmental cost work sheet prepared by the cost accountant at the end of July is reproduced below. Using the data in P5-7: 1. Draft the necessary entries to charge the materials and labor costs to the appropriate work in process accounts, to apply factory overhead to work in process, and to record the transfer of costs from one department to another. 2. Prepare a statement of cost of goods manufactured for the month ended July 31.Aero Aluminum Inc. uses a process cost system. The records for May show the following information: Required: Prepare a cost of production summary for each department. (Hint: When preparing the Converting production summary, refer to the Rolling production summary for the costs transferred in during the month.)Aero Aluminum Inc. uses a process cost system. The records for May show the following information: Using the data in P5-9, draft the journal entries to record: 1. The cost of goods received from Rolling during the month. 2. The production costs incurred in Converting during the month. 3. The cost of goods completed and transferred to finished goods during the month.11P Petrini Products Co. has two departments: Mixing and Cooking. At the beginning of the month, Cooking had 4,000 units in process with costs of 8,600 from Mixing, and its own departmental costs of 500 for materials, 1,000 for labor, and 2,500 for factory overhead. During the month, 10,000 units were received from Mixing with a cost of 25,000. Cooking incurred costs of 4,250 for materials, 8,500 for labor, and 21,250 for factory overhead, and finished 12,000 units. At the end of the month, there were 2,000 units in process, one-half completed. Required: 1. Determine the unit cost for the month in Cooking. 2. Determine the adjusted weighted average unit cost for all units received from Mixing. 3. Determine the unit cost of goods finished. 4. Determine the accumulated cost of the goods finished and of the ending work in process. (Round unit costs to three decimal places.)Tanaka Manufacturing Co. uses the process cost system. The following information for the month of December was obtained from the company’s books and from the production reports submitted by the department heads: Required: Prepare cost of production summaries for the Mixing, Blending, and Bottling (Hint: You must calculate the adjusted unit cost from Blending.) departments. Prepare a departmental cost work sheet. Draft the journal entries required to record the month’s operations. Prepare a statement of cost of goods manufactured for December. (Hint: Goods finished but not transferred to finished goods are considered part of work in process inventory.) Syracuse Beverages Inc. has three plants that make and bottle cola, lemonlime, and miscellaneous flavored beverages, respectively. The raw materials, labor costs, and automated technology are comparable among the three plants. Top management has initiated an incentive compensation plan whereby the workers and managers of the plant with the lowest unit cost per bottle will receive a year-end bonus. The results, approved by the plant manager and reported by the plant controllers at each location, were as follows: Required: 1. When provided copies of the results as a justification for distributing the bonus to the Manlius employees, the plant controllers at DeWitt and Fayetteville accused Manlius of manipulating the inventory figures. Reviewing the above schedule, what do you think is the nature of the accusation and how would such action affect the unit cost computation? 2. Is there anything in the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) Code of Professional Ethics that the Manlius plant controller should be aware of in this situation? 3. Assume that the Manlius plant controller revises the unit cost to more accurately reflect reality. What should she do if the plant manager insists that the unit cost computation remain as is?Under what conditions may the unit costs of materials, labor, and overhead be computed by using only one equivalent production figure? When is it necessary to use separate equivalent production figures in computing the unit costs of materials, labor, and overhead?Why is it usually reasonable to assume that labor and factory overhead are added evenly throughout the production process? If materials are not put into process uniformly, what must be considered when determining the cost of the ending work in process?In what way do the cost of production summaries in Chapter 6, prepared using the weighted average cost method, differ from the cost of production summaries presented in Chapter 5? What is the reason for this difference? Why might the total number of units completed during a month plus the number of units in process at the end of a month be less than the total number of units in process at the beginning of the month plus the number of units placed in process during the month?What is the usual method of handling the cost of losses that occur normally during processing? If some units are normally lost during the manufacturing process and the remaining good units absorb the cost, what effect does this have on the unit cost of goods finished during the period and the cost of the work in process at the end of the period?How is the cost of units normally lost reflected in the manufacturing cost for the period? 10Q What adjustment must be made if materials added in a department increase the number of units being processed in that department? What is the difference between the unit costs are determined under the weighted average cost method and the first-in, first-out (FIFO) cost method?What advantage does the FIFO cost method have over the average cost method relative to providing information for cost control? How would you define each of the following? a. joint products b. by-products c. joint costs d. split-off point What are three methods of allocating joint costs? 16Q 17Q Using the data given for Cases 13 below, and assuming the use of the average cost method, compute the separate equivalent units of productionone for materials and one for labor and overheadunder each of the following assumptions (labor and factory overhead are applied evenly during the process in each assumption): Assumptions: a. All materials go into production at the beginning of the process. b. All materials go into production at the end of the process. (Note that this would have to be a department subsequent to the first department for all materials to be added at the end of the process.) c. At the beginning of the process, 75% of the materials go into production and 25% go into production when the process is one-half completed. Note that you will have three solutions for each of the following cases: Case 1Started in process 5,000 units; finished 3,000 units; work in process, end of period, 2,000 units, three-fourths completed. Case 2Opening inventory 5,000 units, three-fifths completed; started in process 40,000 units; finished 39,000 units; work in process, end of period, 6,000 units, one-fourth completed. Case 3Opening inventory 1,000 units, one-half completed, and 8,000 units, one-fourth completed; started in process 30,000 units; finished 29,000 units; closing inventory work in process 5,000 units, one-fourth completed, and 5,000 units, one-half completed.Precision Inc. manufactures wristwatches on an assembly line. The work in process inventory as of March 1 consisted of 1,000 watches that were complete as to materials and 75% complete as to labor and overhead. The March 1 work in process costs were as follows: During the month, 10,000 units were started and 9,500 units were completed. The 1,500 units of ending inventory were complete as to materials and 25% complete as to labor and overhead. The costs for March were as follows: Calculate: a. Equivalent units for material, labor, and overhead, using the weighted average cost method b. Unit costs for materials, labor, and overhead c. Cost of the units completed and transferred d. Detailed cost of the ending inventory e. Total of all costs accounted for The following data appeared in the accounting records of Craig Manufacturing Inc., which uses the weighted average cost method: Case 1All materials are added at the beginning of the process, and labor and factory overhead are added evenly throughout the process. Case 2One-half of the materials are added at the start of the manufacturing process, and the balance of the materials is added when the units are one-half completed. Labor and factory overhead are applied evenly during the process. Make the following computations for each case: a. Unit cost of materials, labor, and factory overhead for the month b. Cost of the units finished and transferred during the month c. Cost of the units in process at the end of the month Conte Chemical Co. uses the weighted average cost method. All materials are added at the start of the production process. Labor and overhead are added evenly at the same rate throughout the process. Contes records indicate the following data for May: Ending work in process, on May 31, is 75% completed as to labor and factory overhead. Make the following calculations: a. Equivalent units for direct materials b. Equivalent units for labor and overhead (Hint: first determine the ending units in work in process.)Assuming that all materials are added at the beginning of the process and that labor and factory overhead are applied evenly during the process, compute the figures to be inserted in the blank spaces of the following data, using the weighted average cost method. [Hint: for best success in solving each Case, solve them in numerical order starting with (1)]Foamy Inc. manufactures shaving cream and uses the weighted average cost method. In November, production is 14,800 equivalent units for materials and 13,300 units for labor and overhead. During the month, materials, labor, and overhead costs were as follows: Beginning work in process for November had a cost of 11,360 for materials, 11,666 for labor, and 9,250 for overhead. Compute the following: a. Weighted average cost per unit for materials b. Weighted average cost per unit for labor c. Weighted average cost per unit for overhead d. Total unit cost for the month Calculating unit costs; units lost in production Gray Brothers Products Inc. manufactures a liquid product in one department. Due to the nature of the product and the process, units are regularly lost at the beginning of production. Materials and labor and overhead costs are added evenly throughout the process. The following summaries were prepared for the month of January: Calculate the unit cost for materials, labor, and factory overhead for January and show the costs of units transferred to finished goods and of the ending work in process inventory.Sonoma Products Inc. manufactures a liquid product in one department. Due to the nature of the product and the process, units are regularly lost during production. Materials and conversion costs are added evenly throughout the process. The following summaries were prepared for March: Calculate the unit cost for materials, labor, and factory overhead for March and show the costs of units transferred to finished goods and to ending work in process inventory.A company manufactures a liquid product called Crystal. The basic ingredients are put into process in Department 1. In Department 2, other materials are added that increase the number of units being processed by 50%. The factory has only two departments. Calculate the following for each department: (a) unit cost for the month for materials, labor, and factory overhead, (b) cost of the units transferred, and (c) cost of the ending work in process.Using the data given for Cases 1–3 and the FIFO cost method, compute the separate equivalent units of production, one for materials and one for labor and overhead, under each of the following assumptions (labor and factory overhead are applied evenly during the process in each assumption): Assumptions: All materials go into production at the beginning of the process. All materials go into production at the end of the process. (Note that this would have to be a department subsequent to the first department for all materials to be added at the end of the process.) At the beginning of the process, 75% of the materials go into production and 25% go into production when the process is one-half completed. Note that you will have three solutions for each of the following cases: Case 1–Started in process 5,000 units; finished 3,000 units; work in process, end of period, 2,000 units, three-fourths completed. Case 2–Opening inventory 5,000 units, three-fifths completed; started in process 40,000 units; finished 39,000 units; work in process, end of period, 6,000 units, one-fourth completed. Case 3–Opening inventory 1,000 units, one-half completed, and 8,000 units, one-fourth completed; started in process 30,000 units; finished 29,000 units; closing inventory work in process 5,000 units, one-fourth completed, and 5,000 units, one-half completed. Assume each of the following conditions concerning the data given: All materials are added at the beginning of the process. All materials are added at the end of the process. (Note that this would have to be a department subsequent to the first department for all materials to be added at the end of the process, but ignore that fact for purposes of this solution.) Half of the materials are added at the beginning of the process, and the balance of the materials is added when the units are three-fourths completed. In all cases, labor and factory overhead are added evenly throughout the process. Compute separate equivalent units of production, one for materials and one for labor and factory overhead, for each of the conditions listed, using (a) the weighted average cost method and (b) the FIFO cost method. When would the equivalent units be the same under the weighted average costing method and the FIFO costing method? Adirondack Bat Co. processes rough timber to obtain three grades of lumber, A, B, and C that are then made into baseball bats. The company allocates joint costs to the joint products on the basis of the sales value at the split-off point. During the month of May, Adirondack incurred total joint production costs of $300,000 in producing the following: Make the journal entry to transfer the finished lumber to separate work in process inventory accounts for each product. What would be the allocation of the joint costs if the company were to use the physical measure method? Computing joint costssales value at split-off and net realizable value methods D.L. Manufacturing Inc.s joint cost of producing 1,000 units of Product A, 500 units of Product B, and 500 units of Product C is 20,000. The unit sales values of the three products at the split-off point are Product A20, Product B200, and Product C160. Ending inventories include 100 units of Product A, 200 units of Product B, and 300 units of Product C. a. Compute the amount of joint cost that would be included in the ending inventory valuation of the three products on the basis of their sales value at split off. b. Assume that Product C can be sold for 200 a unit if it is processed after split-off at a cost of 25 a unit. Compute the amount of joint cost that would be included in the ending inventory valuation of the three products on the basis of their net realizable values.LeMoyne Manufacturing Inc.’s joint cost of producing 2,000 units of Product X, 1,000 units of Product Y, and 1,000 units of Product Z is $50,000. The unit sales values of the three products at the split-off point are Product X–$30, Product Y–$100, and Product Z–$90. Ending inventories include 200 units of Product X, 300 units of Product Y, and 100 units of Product Z. Compute the amount of joint cost that would be included in the ending inventory valuation of the three products on the basis of their sales values at split-off. Assume that Product Z can be sold for $120 a unit if it is processed after split-off at a cost of $10 a unit. Compute the amount of joint cost that would be included in the ending inventory valuation of the three products on the basis of their net realizable values. Making a journal entryby-product Petrone Metals manufactures tin. During the process, a by-productscrap metalis obtained and placed in stock. The estimated sales value of the scrap metal produced during April is 2,000. Assume that the value of the by-product is treated as a reduction in production cost. Make the journal entry for April to record the following: a. Placing of the scrap metal in stock b. Sale of one-half of the scrap metal for 850, on account Espana Co. makes one main product, Uno, and a by-product, Dos, which splits off from the main product when the work is three-fourths completed. Dos is sold without further processing and without being placed in stock. During June, 1,200 is realized from the sale of the by-product. Make the entries to record the recovery and sale of the by-product, on account, on the assumption that the recovery is treated as one of the following: a. A reduction in the cost of the main product b. Other income Manufacturing data for January and February in the Mixing Department of Klinger Kleaning Products follow: All materials are added at the start of the process. Labor and factory overhead are added evenly throughout the process. The cost summary for January shows the following: Required: 1. Prepare a cost of production summary for each department for January, using the weighted average cost method. 2. Prepare the journal entries to record the January transactions. 3. Prepare a statement of cost of goods manufactured for the month ended January 31.Manufacturing data for June and July in the Blending Department of Lucy’s Lotions Inc. follow: All materials are added at the start of the process. Labor and factory overhead are added evenly throughout the process. No units were in process at the beginning of June. Goods finished in Blending are transferred to Bottling for further processing. Required: From an analysis of this information, prepare a cost of production summary for each month, using the weighted average cost method. (Round unit costs to three decimal places.) Make the journal entries necessary for each month to record the cost of materials, labor, and factory overhead used in production and the transfer of finished units from Blending to Bottling. (Hint: See Chapter 5 to review.) On December 1, Carmel Valley Production Inc. had a work in process inventory of 1,200 units that were complete as to materials and 50% complete as to labor and overhead. December 1 costs follow: During December the following transactions occurred: a. Purchased materials costing 50,000 on account. b. Placed direct materials costing 49,000 into production. c. Incurred production wages totaling 50,500. d. Incurred overhead costs for December: e. Applied overhead to work in process at a predetermined rate of 125% of direct labor cost. f. Completed and transferred 10,000 units to finished goods. (Hint: You should first compute equivalent units and unit costs. The unit cost should include applied, not actual, factory overhead.) Carmel Valley uses the weighted average cost method. The ending inventory of work in process consisted of 1,000 units that were completed as to materials and 25% complete as to labor and overhead. Required: Prepare the journal entries to record the above December transactions.Akron Manufacturing Co. manufactures a cement-sealing compound called Seal-Rite. The process requires that the product pass through three departments. In Dept. 1, all materials are put into production at the beginning of the process; in Dept. 2, materials are put into production evenly throughout the process; and in Dept. 3, all materials are put into production at the end of the process. In each department, it is assumed that the labor and factory overhead are applied evenly throughout the process. At the end of January, the production reports for the month show the following: Required: 1. Prepare a cost of production summary for each department for January, using the weighted average cost method. 2. Prepare the journal entries to record the January transactions. 3. Prepare a statement of cost of goods manufactured for the month ended January 31.Green Products Inc. cans peas and uses the weighted average cost method. For the month of November, the company showed the following: Cost data: Each can contains 16 oz, or 1 lb, of peas. Required: 1. Calculate the cost of the completed production for November. 2. Show the detailed cost of the ending inventory for November.Monterrey Products Co. uses the process cost system. A record of the factory operations for the month of October follows: Required: Prepare a cost of production summary, assuming that the production losses are considered to be normal.7P Daytona Beverages Inc. uses the FIFO cost method and adds all materials, labor, and factory overhead evenly to production. A record of the factory operations for October follows: Required: Prepare a cost of production summary for the month. Clearwater Candy Co. had a cost per equivalent pound for the month of 4.56 for materials, 1.75 for labor, and 1.00 for overhead. During the month, 10,250 lb were completed and transferred to finished goods. The 3,200 lb in ending work in process were 100% complete as to materials and 60% complete as to labor and overhead. At the beginning of the month, 1,500 lb were in process, 100% complete as to materials and 50% complete as to labor and overhead. The beginning inventory had a cost of 8,775. Clearwater uses FIFO costing. Required: 1. Calculate the cost of the pounds completed and transferred to finished goods. 2. Calculate the cost of the ending work in process.Mt. Palomar Manufacturing Co. uses a process cost system. Its manufacturing operation is carried on in two departments: Machining and Finishing. The Machining Department uses the weighted average cost method, and the Finishing Department uses the FIFO cost method. Materials are added in both departments at the beginning of operations, but the added materials do not increase the number of units being processed. Units are lost in the Machining Department throughout the production process, and inspection occurs at the end of the process. The lost units have no scrap value and are considered to be a normal loss. Production statistics for July show the following data: Required: Prepare a cost of production summary for each department. (Round unit costs to three decimal places.) Which department will have an easier time determining how its unit costs compare from month to month? Why? Otto Inc. specializes in chicken farming. Chickens are raised, packaged, and sold mostly to grocery chains. Chickens are accounted for in batches of 50,000. At the end of each growing period, the chickens are separated and sold by grades. Grades AA and A are sold to large grocery chains, and B and C are sold to other buyers. For costing purposes, Otto treats each batch of chicks as a joint product. The cost data for a batch of 50,000 chicks follow: Total joint costs for the batch were 125,000. Required: Compute the cost allocations for each product, using the sales value at split-off method. (Round sales value percentages to five decimal places.)Otto Inc. specializes in chicken farming. Chickens are raised, packaged, and sold mostly to grocery chains. Chickens are accounted for in batches of 50,000. At the end of each growing period, the chickens are separated and sold by grades. Grades AA and A are sold to large grocery chains, and B and C are sold to other buyers. For costing purposes, Otto treats each batch of chicks as a joint product. The cost data for a batch of 50,000 chicks follow: Total joint costs for the batch were 125,000. Required: Compute the cost allocations for each product, using the sales value at split-off method. (Round sales value percentages to five decimal places.)Venezuela Oil Inc. transports crude oil to its refinery where it is processed into main products gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel, and by-product base oil. The base oil is sold at the split-off point for $1,000,000 of annual revenue, and the joint processing costs to get the crude oil to split-off are $10,000,000. Additional information includes: Required: Determine the allocation of joint costs using the net realizable value method, rounding the sales value percentages to the nearest tenth of a percent. (Hint: Reduce the amount of the joint costs to be allocated by the amount of the by-product revenue.) Clark Kent Inc. buys crypton for $.80 a gallon. At the end of processing in Dept. 1, crypton splits off into products plutonium, tantalum, and xenon. Plutonium is sold at the split-off point with no further processing. Tantalum and xenon require further processing before they can be sold. Tantalum is processed in Dept. 2, and xenon is processed in Dept. 3. Following is a summary of costs and other related data for the year ended December 31: No inventories were on hand at the beginning of the year, and no crypton was on hand at the end of the year. All gallons on hand at the end of the year were complete as to processing. Kent uses the net realizable value method of allocating joint costs. Required: Calculate the allocation of joint costs. Calculate the total cost per unit for each product. In examining the product cost reports, Lois Lane, Vice President—Marketing, notes that the per-unit cost of tantalum is greater than the selling price of $2.75 that can be received in the competitive marketplace. Lane wonders whether they should stop selling tantalum. How did Lane determine that the product was being sold at a loss? What per unit cost should be used in determining whether tantalum should be sold? 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q Explain zero-based budgeting and how it differs from the traditional approach to preparing next years budget.6Q Which operating budget must be prepared before the others? Why?8Q Why is it important to have front-line managers participate in the budgeting process?If the sales forecast estimates that 50,000 units of product will be sold during the following year, should the factory plan on manufacturing 50,000 units in the coming year? Explain.What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of the following for a company that has greatly fluctuating sales during the year? a. A stable production policy b. A stable inventory policy What three operating budgets can be prepared subsequent to preparation of the production budget?13Q What are the three budgets that are needed in order to prepare the budgeted income statement?Why might Web-based budgeting be more useful than using spreadsheets to budget?What is a flexible budget?Why is a flexible budget better than a master budget for comparing actual results to budgeted expectations?Why is it important to distinguish between variable costs and fixed costs for budgeting purposes?Why is the concept of relevant range important when preparing a flexible budget?In comparing actual sales revenue to flexible budget sales revenue, would it be possible to have a favorable variance and still not have met revenue expectations?How would you define the following? a. Theoretical capacity b. Practical capacity c. Normal capacity Is it possible for a factory to operate at more than 100% of normal capacity?If a factory operates at 100% of capacity one month, 90% of capacity the next month, and 105% of capacity the next month, will a different cost per unit be charged to the work-in-process account each month for factory overhead assuming that a predetermined annual overhead rate is used?How is the standard cost per unit for factory overhead determined?When allocating service department costs to production departments, why is the standard cost that the service department was expected to incur, rather than the actual cost that was incurred, used in the allocation?The sales department of Macro Manufacturing Co. has forecast sales for its single product to be 20,000 units for June, with three-quarters of the sales expected in the East region and one-fourth in the West region. The budgeted selling price is 25 per unit. The desired ending inventory on June 30 is 2,000 units, and the expected beginning inventory on June 1 is 3,000 units. Prepare the following: a. A sales budget for June. b. A production budget for June.The sales department of F. Pollard Manufacturing Co. has forecast sales in March to be 20,000 units. Additional information follows: Materials used in production: Prepare the following: a. A production budget for March (in units). b. A direct materials budget for the month (in units and dollars).Barnes Manufacturing Co. forecast October sales to be 45,000 units. Additional information follows: Direct labor hours required in production: Direct laborers earn: Cutting, 14 per hour; Assembly, 12 per hour. Prepare the following: a. A production budget for October. b. A direct labor budget for October.Prepare a cost of goods sold budget for the Crest Hills Manufacturing Co. for the year ended December 31, 2016, from the following estimates. Inventories of production units: Direct materials purchased during the year, 854,000; beginning inventory of direct materials, 31,000; and ending inventory of direct materials, 26,000. Totals from other budgets included:Prepare a cost of goods sold budget for MacLaren Manufacturing Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2016, from the following estimates. Inventories of production units: Direct materials purchased during the year, 548,000; beginning inventory of direct materials, 36,000; and ending inventory of direct materials, 23,000. Totals from other budgets included:Roman Inc. has the following totals from its operating budgets: Prepare a budgeted income statement for the year ended December 31, 2016, assuming that income from operations is taxed at a rate of 30%.Starburst Inc. has the following items and amounts as part of its master budget at the 10,000-unit level of sales and production: Determine the total dollar amounts for the above items that would appear in a flexible budget at the following volume levels, assuming that both levels are within the relevant range: a. 8,000-unit level of sales and production b. 12,000-unit level of sales and production (Hint: You must first determine the unit selling price and certain unit costs.)Using the following per-unit and total amounts, prepare a flexible budget at the 14,000-, 15,000-, and 16,000-unit levels of production and sales for Natural Products Inc.:Cortez Manufacturing, Inc. has the following flexible budget formulas and amounts: Actual results for May for the production and sale of 5,000 units were as follows: Prepare a performance report for May that includes the identification of the favorable and unfavorable variances.10E 11E 12E 13E Calculating factory overhead The normal capacity of a factory is 10,000 units per month. Cost and production data follow: Calculate the amount of factory overhead allowed for the actual volume of production each month and the variance between budgeted and actual overhead for each month.The Sales Department of Minimus Inc. has forecast sales for May 2016 to be 40,000 units. Additional information follows: Materials used in production: Direct labor hours required in production: Prepare the following: a. A production budget for May. b. A direct materials budget for May. c. A direct labor budget for May.Sales, production, direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead budgets King Tire Co.s budgeted unit sales for the year 2016 were: The budgeted selling price for truck tires was 200 per tire, and for passenger car tires it was 65 per tire. The beginning finished goods inventories were expected to be 2,000 truck tires and 5,000 passenger tires, for a total cost of 326,478, with desired ending inventories at 2,500 and 6,000, respectively, with a total cost of 400,510. There was no anticipated beginning or ending work-in- process inventory for either type of tire. The standard materials quantities for each type of tire were as follows: The purchase prices of rubber and steel were 2 and 3 per pound, respectively. The desired ending inventories for rubber and steel were 60,000 and 6,000 lb, respectively. The estimated beginning inventories for rubber and steel were 75,000 and 7,000 lb, respectively. The direct labor hours required for each type of tire were as follows: The direct labor rate for each department is as follows: Budgeted factory overhead costs for 2016 were as follows: Required: Prepare each of the following budgets for King for the year ended December 31, 2016: 1. Sales budget. 2. Production budget. 3. Direct material budget. 4. Direct labor budget. 5. Factory overhead budget. 6. Cost of goods sold budget.Budgeted selling and administrative expenses for King Tire Co. In P7-2 for the year ended December 31, 2016, were as follows: Required: 1. Prepare a selling and administrative expense budget, in good form, for the year 2016. 2. Using the information above and the budgets prepared in P7-2, prepare a budgeted income statement for the year 2016, assuming an income tax rate of 40%.4P Selling and administrative expense budget and budgeted income statement Budgeted selling and administrative expenses for Scottsdale Styles Inc. in P7-4 for the year ended December 31, 2016, were as follows: Required: 1. Prepare a selling and administrative expenses budget, in good form, for the year 2016. 2. Using the information above and the budgets prepared in P7-4, prepare a budgeted income statement for the year 2016, assuming an income tax rate of 30%.Preparing a flexible budget Use the information in Figure 7-12 of the chapter. Required: Prepare flexible budgets for the production and sale of 29,000 units and 31,000 units, respectively.Preparing a performance report Use the flexible budget prepared in P7-6 for the 31,000-unit level and the actual operating results listed below for the 31,000-unit level. Required: 1. Prepare a performance report. 2. List the major reasons why the actual operating income at 31,000 units differs from the master budget operating income at 30,000 units in Figure 7-12. 3. Given the level at which the company operated, how was its cost control? Item Direct materials: Direct labor:Preparing a performance report Use the flexible budget prepared in P7-6 for the 29,000-unit level of activity and the actual operating results listed below for the 29,000- unit level. Required: 1. Prepare a performance report. 2. List the major reasons why the actual operating income at 29,000 units differs from the master budget operating income at 30,000 units in Figure 7-12. 3. Given the level at which the company operated, how was its cost control? Item Direct materials: Direct labor:Flexible budget for factory overhead Presented below are the monthly factory overhead cost budget (at normal capacity of 5,000 units or 20,000 direct labor hours) and the production and cost data for a month. The predetermined overhead rate is based on normal capacity. Required: 1. Assuming that variable costs will vary in direct proportion to the change in volume, prepare a flexible budget for production levels of 80%, 90%, and 110% of normal capacity. Also determine the predetermined factory overhead rate at each level of volume in both units and direct labor hours. 2. Prepare a flexible budget for production levels of 80%, 90%, and 110%, assuming that variable costs will vary in direct proportion to the change in volume, but with the following exceptions. (Hint: Set up a third category for semi-variable expenses.) a. At 110% of capacity, another supervisor will be needed at a salary of 24,000 annually. b. At 80% of capacity, the repairs expense will drop to one-half of the amount at 100% capacity. c. At 80% of capacity, one part-time maintenance worker, earning 10,000 a year, will be laid off. d. At 110% of capacity, a machine not normally in use and on which no depreciation is normally recorded will be used in production. Its cost was 12,000, it has a 10-year life, and straight-line depreciation will be taken.10P Overhead application rate Creole Manufacturing Inc. uses a job order cost system and standard costs. It manufactures one product, whose standard cost follows: The standards are based on normal capacity of 2,400 direct labor hours. Actual activity for October follows: Required: 1. Compute the variable and fixed factory overhead rates per unit. 2. Compute the variable and fixed overhead rates per direct labor hour. 3. Determine the total fixed factory overhead based on normal capacity.Overhead application rate Roll Tide Manufacturing Inc. uses a job order cost system and standard costs. It manufactures one product, whose standard cost follows: The standards are based on normal capacity of 2,700 direct labor hours. Actual activity for March follows: Required: 1. Compute the variable and fixed factory overhead rates per unit. 2. Compute the variable and fixed overhead rates per direct labor hour. 3. Determine the total fixed factory overhead based on normal capacity.Flexible budgeting, performance measurement, and ethics Montevideo Manufacturing, Inc. produces a single type of small motor. The bookkeeper who does not have an in-depth understanding of accounting principles prepared the following performance report with the help of the production manager. In a conversation with the sales manager, the production manager was overheard saying, You sales guys really messed up our May performance, and it is only because production did such a great job controlling costs that we arent in even worse shape. Required: 1. Do you agree with the production manager that the manufacturing area did a good job of controlling costs? 2. Prepare a flexible budget for Montevideo Manufacturings expenses at the following activity levels: 45,000 units, 50,000 units, and 55,000 units. 3. Prepare a revised performance report, using the most appropriate flexible budget from (2) above. 4. Now what is your response to the production managers claim? 5. Assume that you have just been hired as the new accountant. You observe that the production manager is about to receive a large bonus based on the favorable materials, labor, and factory overhead variances indicated in the flexible budget prepared by the bookkeeper. Using the IMA Statement of Ethical Professional Practice as your guide, what standards, if any, apply to your responsibilities in this matter?How does a standard cost accounting system work, and why is it valuable to management?What is the difference between the standard cost and the actual cost of production?3Q What are the specific procedures on which a standard cost accounting system is based?How are standards for materials and labor costs determined?What is a variance?How do price and quantity variances relate to materials costs?How do rate and efficiency variances relate to labor costs?9Q How does a materials purchase price variance differ from a materials price variance.11Q 12Q When a company uses a standard cost system, are the inventory accountsFinished Goods, Work in Process, and Materialsvalued at actual cost or standard cost?What two factors must be considered when breaking down a variance into its components?What might cause the following materials variances? An unfavorable materials price variance. A favorable materials price variance. An unfavorable materials quantity variance. A favorable materials quantity variance. What might cause the following labor variances? An unfavorable labor rate variance. A favorable labor rate variance. An unfavorable labor efficiency variance. A favorable labor efficiency variance. 17Q 18Q 19Q 20Q When does a flexible-budget variance occur? Why is it important to determine flexible-budget variances? 23Q What is the significance of a production-volume variance? If production is more or less than the standard volume, is it possible that no flexible-budget or production-volume variances would exist? Explain. At the end of the current fiscal year, the trial balance of Big Apple Inc. revealed the following debit (unfavorable) balances: Flexible-Budget Variance — $2,000 Production–Volume Variance — $75,000 What conclusions can be drawn from these two variances? What variances from the four-variance method are included in the flexible-budget variance from the two-variance method? (appendix) What is the primary difference between the two-variance and three-variance methods of calculation? (appendix) What are the four variances in the four-variance method and what does each measure? (appendix) In all of the exercises involving variances, use F and U to designate favorable and unfavorable variances, respectively. E8-1 through E8-5 use the following data: The standard operating capacity of Tecate Manufacturing Co. is 1,000 units. A detailed study of the manufacturing data relating to the standard production cost of one product revealed the following: 1. Two pounds of materials are needed to produce one unit. 2. Standard unit cost of materials is 8 per pound. 3. It takes one hour of labor to produce one unit. 4. Standard labor rate is 10 per hour. 5. Standard overhead (all variable) for this volume is 4,000. Each case in E8-1 through E8-5 requires the following: a. Set up a standard cost summary showing the standard unit cost. b. Analyze the variances for materials and labor. c. Make journal entries to record the transfer to Work in Process of: 1. Materials costs 2. Labor costs 3. Overhead costs (When making these entries, include the variances.) d. Prepare the journal entry to record the transfer of costs to the finished goods account. Standard unit cost; variance analysis; journal entries 1,000 units were started and finished. Case 1: All prices and quantities for the cost elements are standard, except for materials cost, which is 8.50 per pound. Case 2: All prices and quantities for the cost elements are standard, except that 1,900 lb of materials were used.2E 3E 4E 5E Computing materials variances D-List Calendar Co. specializes in manufacturing calendars that depict obscure comedians. The company uses a standard cost system to control its costs. During one month of operations, the direct materials costs and the quantities of paper used showed the following: Calculate the following: 1. Total cost of purchases for the month 2. Materials purchase price variance 3. Materials quantity variance 4. Net materials variance Computing labor variances LIFT Inc. manufactures garage doors for homes. The standard quantity of direct labor to manufacture a door is 4.5 hours. The standard hourly wage in this department is 12.50 per hour. During August, 6,100 doors were produced. The payroll records indicate that 31,110 hours were worked at a total cost for payroll of 411,274.20. Calculate the following: 1. Labor rate variance 2. Labor efficiency variance 3. Net labor variance Standard cost summary; materials and labor cost variances Perkins Processors Inc. produces an average of 10,000 units each month. The factory standards are 20,000 hours of direct labor and 10,000 pounds of materials for this volume. The standard cost of direct labor is 9.00 per hour, and the standard cost of materials is 4.00 per pound. The standard factory overhead at this level of production is 20,000. During the current month the production and cost reports reflected the following information: On the basis of this information: 1. Prepare a standard cost summary. 2. Calculate the materials (use the materials purchase price variance) and labor cost variances, and indicate whether they are favorable or unfavorable, using the formulas on pages 421422 and 424.Computing labor variances Fill in the missing figures for each of the following independent cases: (Round all rates to the nearest cent and all totals to the nearest dollar.)Standard unit cost and journal entries The normal capacity of Algonquin Adhesives Inc. is 40,000 direct labor hours and 20,000 units per month. A finished unit requires 6 lb of materials at an estimated cost of 2 per pound. The estimated cost of labor is 10.00 per hour. The plant estimates that overhead (all variable) for a month will be 40,000. During the month of March, the plant totaled 34,800 direct labor hours at an average rate of 9.50 an hour. The plant produced 18,000 units, using 105,000 lb of materials at a cost of 2.04 per pound. 1. Prepare a standard cost summary showing the standard unit cost. 2. Make journal entries to charge materials and labor to Work in Process.Making journal entries Assume that during the month of April the production report of Algonquin Adhesives Inc. in E8-10 revealed the following information: Make journal entries to charge materials (use the materials purchase price variance) and labor to Work in Process. (Remember to retrieve the standard costs from E8-10 before solving this exercise.)Using variance analysis and interpretation Last year, Endicott Corp. adopted a standard cost system. Labor standards were set on the basis of time studies and prevailing wage rates. Materials standards were determined from materials specifications and the prices then in effect. On June 30, the end of the current fiscal year, a partial trial balance revealed the following: Standards set at the beginning of the year have remained unchanged. All inventories are priced at standard cost. What conclusions can be drawn from each of the four variances shown in Endicotts trial balance?Using variance analysis and interpretation Last year, Wrigley Corp. adopted a standard cost system. Labor standards were set on the basis of time studies and prevailing wage rates. Materials standards were determined from materials specifications and the prices then in effect. On June 30, the end of the current fiscal year, a partial trial balance revealed the following: Standards set at the beginning of the year have remained unchanged. All inventories are priced at standard cost. What conclusions can be drawn from each of the four variances shown in Wrigleys trial balance?Journalizing standard costs in two departments Griffin Manufacturing Inc. has two departments, Mixing and Blending. When goods are completed in Mixing, they are transferred to Blending and then to the finished goods storeroom. There was no beginning or ending work in process in either department. Listed below is information to be used in preparing journal entries at the end of October: Prepare journal entries for the following: 1. The issuance of direct materials into production and the recording of the materials variances. (Prepare separate entries for each department.) 2. The use of direct labor in production and the recording of the labor variances. (Prepare separate entries for each department.) 3. The entries to record the actual and applied factory overhead. 4. The entries to transfer the production costs from Mixing to Blending and from Blending to Finished Goods.Calculating factory overhead The standard capacity of a factory is 8,000 units per month. Cost and production data follow: Calculate the amount of factory overhead allowed for the actual volume of production each month and the variance between budgeted and actual overhead for each month.Determining Budgeted Overhead The overhead application rate for a company is 10 per unit, made up of 6 per unit of fixed overhead and 4 per unit of variable overhead. Normal capacity is 10,000 units. In one month there was a favorable flexible budget variance of 2,500. Actual overhead for the month was 110,000 and actual units produced were 13,125. Based on this information, determine the amount of the budgeted overhead for the actual level of production.Calculating factory overhead: two variances Munoz Manufacturing Co. normally produces 10,000 units of product X each month. Each unit requires 2 hours of direct labor, and factory overhead is applied on a direct labor hour basis. Fixed costs and variable costs in factory overhead at the normal capacity are 2.50 and 1.50 per direct labor hour, respectively. Cost and production data for May follow: a. Calculate the flexible-budget variance. b. Calculate the production-volume variance. c. Was the total factory overhead under- or overapplied? By what amount?Calculating factory overhead: two variances Monrovia Manufacturing Inc. normally produces 10,000 units of product A each month. Each unit requires 4 hours of direct labor, and factory overhead is applied on a direct labor hour basis. Fixed costs and variable costs in factory overhead at the normal capacity are 10 and 5 per unit, respectively. Cost and production data for June follow: a. Calculate the flexible-budget variance. b. Calculate the production-volume variance. c. Was the total factory overhead under- or overapplied? By what amount?The normal capacity of a manufacturing plant is 30,000 direct labor hours or 20,000 units per month. Standard fixed costs are 6,000, and variable costs are 12,000. Data for two months follow: For each month, make a single journal entry to charge overhead to Work in Process, to close Factory Overhead, and to record variances. Indicate the types of variances and state whether each is favorable or unfavorable. (Hint: You must first compute the flexible-budget and production-volume variances.)Calculating amount of factory overhead applied to work in process The overhead application rate for a company is 2.50 per unit, made up of 1.00 for fixed overhead and 1.50 for variable overhead. Normal capacity is 10,000 units. In one month, there was an unfavorable flexible budget variance of 200. Actual overhead for the month was 27,000. What was the amount of the budgeted overhead for the actual level of production?Georgia Gasket Co. budgets 8,000 direct labor hours for the year. The total overhead budget is expected to amount to 20,000. The standard cost for a unit of the companys product estimates the variable overhead as follows: The actual data for the period follow: Using the four-variance method, calculate the overhead variances. (Hint: First compute the budgeted fixed overhead rate.)(Appendix) Calculating factory overhead: four variances Atlanta Adhesives Inc. budgets 15,000 direct labor hours for the year. The total overhead budget is expected to amount to 42,000. The standard cost for a unit of the companys product estimates the variable overhead as follows: The actual data for the period follow: Using the four-variance method, calculate the overhead variances. (Hint: First compute the budgeted fixed overhead rate.)(Appendix) Calculating factory overhead: three variances Using the data given in E8-17, calculate the following overhead variances: a. Spending variance. b. Production-volume variance. c. Efficiency variance. d. Was the factory overhead under- or overapplied? By what amount? In all problems involving variances, use F and U to indicate favorable and unfavorable variances, respectively.Materials and labor variances Branca Inspections Inc. specializes in determining whether a building or houses drainpipes are properly tied into the citys sewer system. The company pours colored chemical through the pipes and collects an inspection sample from each outlet, which is then analyzed. Each job should take 15 hours for each of four inspectors, at a standard rate of 18 per hour. Each job requires a standard quantity of 5 gallons of Glow (a colored chemical), which should cost 25 per gallon. Data from the companys most recent job (a building) follow: Required: Compute the following variances, using the formulas on pages 421422 and 424: 1. Materials price and quantity variances. 2. Labor rate and efficiency variances.Materials and labor variances Fausto Fabricators Inc. uses a standard cost system to account for its single product. The standards established for the product include the following: The following operating data came from the records for the month: In process, beginning inventory, none. In process, ending inventory, 800 units, 80% complete as to labor; material is issued at the beginning of processing. Completed during the month, 5,600 units. Materials issued to production were 51,680 lb @ .55 per pound. Direct labor was 384,000 for 40,000 hours worked. Required: Calculate the following variances, using the diagram format in Figure 8-4. 1. Materials price. 2. Materials quantity. 3. Net materials variance. 4. Labor rate. 5. Labor efficiency. 6. Net labor variance. (Hint: Before determining the standard quantity for materials and labor, you must first compute the equivalent units of production for materials and labor.)Zippy Inc. manufactures a fuel additive, Surge, which has a stable selling price of 44 per drum. The company has been producing and selling 80,000 drums per month. In connection with your examination of Zippys financial statements for the year ended September 30, management has asked you to review some computations made by Zippys cost accountant. Your working papers disclose the following about the companys operations: Standard costs per drum of product manufactured: Materials: Costs and expenses during September: Chemicals: 645,000 gallons purchased at a cost of 1,140,000; 600,000 gallons used. Empty drums: 94,000 purchased at a cost of 94,000; 80,000 drums used. Direct labor: 81,000 hours worked at a cost of 816,480. Factory overhead: 768,000. Required: Calculate the following for September, using the formulas on pages 421422 and 424 (Round unit costs to the nearest whole cent and compute the materials variances for both Surge and for the drums.): 1. Materials quantity variance. 2. Materials purchase price variance. 3. Labor efficiency variance. 4. Labor rate variance.Calculation of materials and labor variances Fritz Corp. manufactures and sells a single product. The company uses a standard cost system. The standard cost per unit of product follows: The charges to the manufacturing department for November, when 5,000 units were produced, follow: The Purchasing department normally buys about the same quantity as is used in production during a month. In November, 5,500 lb were purchased at a price of $2.90 per pound. Required: Calculate the following from standard costs for the data given, using the formulas on pages 421–422 and 424: Materials quantity variance. Materials purchase price variance (at time of purchase). Labor efficiency variance. Labor rate variance. Give some reasons as to why both the materials quantity variance and labor efficiency variance might be unfavorable. High-End Products Inc. uses a standard cost system in accounting for the cost of production of its only product, Swank. The standards for the production of one unit of Swank follow: Direct materials: 10 feet of Class at $.75 per foot and 3 feet of Chic at $1.00 per foot. Direct labor: 4 hours at $12.00 per hour. Factory overhead: applied at 150% of standard direct labor costs. There was no beginning inventory on hand at July 1. Following is a summary of costs and related data for the production of Swank during the following year ended June 30: 100,000 feet of Class were purchased at $.72 per foot. 30,000 feet of Chic were purchased at $1.05 per foot. 8,000 units of Swank were produced that required 78,000 feet of Class, 26,000 feet of Chic, and 31,000 hours of direct labor at $11.80 per hour. 6,000 units of product Swank were sold. On June 30, there are 22,000 feet of Class, 4,000 feet of Chic, and 2,000 completed units of Swank on hand. All purchases and transfers are “charged in” at standard. Required: Calculate the following, using the formulas on pages 421–422 and 424 and compute the materials variances for both Class and Chic: Materials quantity variance. Materials purchase price variance. Labor efficiency variance. Labor rate variance. RDI Products Co. manufactures a variety of products made of plastic and aluminum components. During the winter months, substantially all of the production capacity is devoted to the production of lawn sprinklers for the following spring and summer seasons. Other products are manufactured during the remainder of the year. The company has developed standard costs for its several products. Standard costs for each year are set in the preceding October. The standard cost of a sprinkler for the current year is $3.70, computed as follows: During February, RDI Products manufactured 8,500 good sprinklers. The company incurred the following costs, which it charged to production: Materials price variations are not determined by usage but are charged to a materials price variation account at the time of purchase. All materials are carried in inventory at standard prices. Materials purchases for February were as follows: *Due to plastic shortages, the company was forced to purchase lower-grade plastic than called for in the standards. This increased the number of sprinklers rejected on inspection. Required: Calculate price and usage variances for each type of material and for labor, using the formulas on pages 421–422 and 424. The standard cost summary for the most popular product of Phenom Products Co. is shown as follows, together with production and cost data for the period. One gallon each of liquid lead and varnish are added at the start of processing. The balance of the materials is added when the process is two-thirds complete. Labor and overhead are added evenly throughout the process. There were no units in process at the beginning of the month. Required: Calculate equivalent production for materials, labor, and overhead. (Be sure to refer to the standard cost summary to help determine the percentage of materials in ending work in process.) Calculate materials and labor variances and indicate whether they are favorable or unfavorable, using the diagram format shown in Figure 8-4. Determine the cost of materials and labor in the work in process account at the end of the month. Carlo Lee Corp. has established the following standard cost per unit: Although 10,000 units were budgeted, only 8,800 units were produced. The purchasing department bought 55,000 lb of materials at a cost of $123,750. Actual pounds of materials used were 54,305. Direct labor cost was $186,550 for 18,200 hours worked. Required: Make journal entries to record the materials transactions, assuming that the materials price variance was recorded at the time of purchase. Make journal entries to record the labor variances. USD Inc. has established the following standard cost per unit: Although 10,000 units were budgeted, 12,000 units were produced. The Purchasing department bought 50,000 lb of materials at a cost of $237,500. Actual pounds of materials used were 46,000. Direct labor cost was $287,500 for 25,000 hours worked. Required: Make journal entries to record the materials transactions, assuming that the materials price variance was recorded at the time of purchase. Make journal entries to record the labor variances. Allocation of variances Costa Brava Manufacturing Corp. uses a standard cost system that records raw materials at actual cost, records materials price variances at the time that raw materials are issued to work in process, and prorates all variances at year-end. Variances associated with direct materials are prorated based on the direct materials balances in the appropriate accounts, and variances associated with direct labor are prorated based on the direct labor balances in the appropriate accounts. The following information is available for There were no beginning inventories and no ending work in process inventory. Required: Calculate the following: Amount of materials price variance to be prorated to finished goods inventory at December 31. (Hint: You must first determine the percentage of direct materials cost in the ending finished goods inventory to total direct materials cost.) Total amount of direct materials cost in the finished goods inventory at December 31, after all materials variances have been prorated. (Hint: Use the percentage that you developed in 1. above.) Total amount of direct labor cost in the finished goods inventory at December 31, after all labor variances have been prorated. (Hint: Use the same approach as in 1. and 2. above.) Total cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, after all variances have been prorated. On May 1, Athens Inc. began the manufacture of a new mechanical device known as Snap. The company installed a standard cost system in accounting for manufacturing costs. The standard direct materials and labor costs for a unit of Snap follow: The following data came from Athens’ records for May: The amount shown above for the materials price variance is applicable to raw materials purchased during May. Required: Compute each of the following items for Athens for May. Show computations in good form. Standard quantity of raw materials allowed (in pounds) for actual production. Actual quantity of raw materials used (in pounds). (Hint: Be sure to consider the materials quantity variance.) Standard direct labor hours allowed. Actual direct labor hours worked. (Hint: Be sure to consider the direct labor efficiency variance.) Actual direct labor rate. (Hint: Be sure to consider the direct labor rate variance.) The standard specifications for an electric motor manufactured by XYZ Electric Co. follow: Factory overhead rates are based on a normal 70% capacity and use the following flexible budget: The actual production was 2,500 motors, and factory overhead costs totaled $29,750. Required: Calculate the factory overhead variances using the two-variance method and the diagram format. Cardiff Inc. manufactures men’s sport shirts for large stores. It produces a single quality shirt in lots of a dozen according to each customer’s order and attaches the store’s label. The standard costs for a dozen shirts include the following: During October, Cardiff worked on three orders for shirts. Job cost records for the month disclose the following: The following information is also available: Cardiff purchased 95,000 yards of materials during October at a cost of $53,200. The materials price variance is recorded when goods are purchased, and all inventories are carried at standard cost. Direct labor incurred amounted to $112,750 during October. According to payroll records, production employees were paid $10.25 per hour. Overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor hours. Factory overhead totaling $22,800 was incurred during October. A total of $288,000 was budgeted for overhead for the year, based on estimated production at the plant’s normal capacity of 48,000 dozen shirts per year. Overhead is 60% fixed and 40% variable at this level of production. There was no work in process at October 1. During October, Lots 30 and 31 were completed, and all materials were issued for Lot 32, which was 80% completed as to labor and overhead. Required: Prepare a schedule computing the October total standard cost of Lots 30, 31, and 32. Prepare a schedule computing the materials price variance for October and indicate whether it is favorable or unfavorable. For each lot produced during October, prepare schedules computing the following (indicate whether favorable or unfavorable): Materials quantity variance in yards. Labor efficiency variance in hours. (Hint: Don’t forget the percentage of completion.) Labor rate variance in dollars. Prepare a schedule computing the total flexible-budget and production-volume overhead variances for October and indicate whether they are favorable or unfavorable. Give some reasons as to why the production-volume variance may be unfavorable and why it is important to correct the situation. Fargo Co. manufactures products in batches of 100 units per batch. The company uses a standard cost system and prepares budgets that call for 500 of these batches per period. Budgeted fixed overhead is $60,000 per period. The standard costs per batch follow: During the period, 503 batches were manufactured, and the following costs were incurred: Required: Calculate the variances for materials, labor, and overhead. For overhead, use the two-variance method. (Hint: Please use the information given about the budgeted fixed overhead to compute the variable overhead rate.) 15P (Appendix) Overhead variances—four variance Mobile Manufacturing Inc. manufactures a small electric motor that is a replacement part for the more popular gas furnaces. The standard cost card shows the product requirements as follows: Factory overhead rates are based on normal 100% capacity and the following flexible budgets: The company produced 3,500 units, using 18,375 direct labor hours and incurring the following overhead costs: Required: Calculate the factory overhead: variable-spending, variable-efficiency, fixed-spending, and production-volume variances. Does the net variance represent under- or overapplied factory overhead? Shinto Corp. uses a standard cost system and manufactures one product. The variable costs per product follow: Budgeted fixed overhead costs for the month are $4,000, and Shinto expected to manufacture 2,000 units. Actual production, however, was only 1,800 units. Materials prices were 10% over standard, and labor rates were 5% over standard. Of the factory overhead expense, only 80% was used, and fixed overhead was $100 over budget. The actual variable overhead cost was $4,800. In materials usage, 8% more parts were used than were allowed for actual production by the standard, and 6% more labor hours were used than were allowed. Required: Calculate the materials and labor variances. Calculate the variances for overhead by the four-variance method. (Hint: First compute the fixed and variable overhead rates per hour.) Kamen Manufacturing Co. estimates the following labor and overhead costs for the period: Required: Use the four-variance method for overhead analysis. Calculate the variances for direct labor and overhead. Prove that the overhead variances equal over- or underapplied factory overhead for the period. 19P Jillian Manufacturing Inc. manufactures a single product and uses a standard cost system. The factory overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor hours. A condensed version of the company’s flexible budget follows: The product requires 3 lb of materials at a standard cost of $5 per pound and 2 hours of direct labor at a standard cost of $10 per hour. For the current year, the company planned to operate at the level of 6,250 direct labor hours and to produce 3,125 units of product. Actual production and costs for the year follow: Required: For the current year, compute the factory overhead rate that will be used for production. Show the variable and fixed components that make up the total predetermined rate to be used. Prepare a standard cost card for the product. Show the individual elements of the overhead rate as well as the total rate. Compute (a) standard hours allowed for production and (b) under- or overapplied factory overhead for the year. Determine the reason for any under- or overapplied factory overhead for the year by computing all variances, using each of the following methods: Two-variance method Three-variance method (appendix) Four-variance method (appendix) Cost and production data for Binghamton Beverages Inc. are presented as follows: Required: Calculate net variances for materials, labor, and factory overhead. Calculate specific materials and labor variances by department, using the diagram format in Figure 8-4. Comment on the possible causes for each of the variances that you computed. Make all journal entries to record production costs in Work in Process and Finished Goods. Determine the balance of ending Work in Process in each department. Assume that 4,000 units were sold at $40 each. Calculate the gross margin based on standard cost. Calculate the gross margin based on actual cost. Why does the gross margin at actual cost differ from the gross margin at standard cost. As the plant controller, you present the variance report in Item 1 above to Paul Crooke, the plant manager. After reading it, Paul states: “If we present this performance report to corporate with that large unfavorable labor variance in Blending, nobody in the plant will receive a bonus. Those standard hours of 5,500 are way too tight for this production process. Fifty-eight hundred hours would be more reasonable, and that would result in a favorable labor efficiency variance that would more than offset the unfavorable labor rate variance. Please redo the variance calculations using 5,800 hours as the standard.” You object, but Paul ends the conversation with, “That is an order.” What standards of ethical professional practice would be violated if you adhered to Paul’s order? How would you attempt to resolve this ethical conflict? Give at least five examples of service businesses. 2Q What factors help to explain the growth of service businesses relative to manufacturing businesses in the United States in recent years? What type of costing system do most service businesses use, and why do they use it? What factors would you consider in deciding whether to use direct labor dollars or direct labor hours in charging overhead to jobs in a service firm? Distinguish between a direct cost and an indirect cost when the cost object is the job.What are the elements of a cost performance report?8Q Why is it important for professional labor hours to be budgeted with extreme care?10Q Explain how a budgeted income statement for a service business may be used for both planning and control purposes.What are the two main things that an activity-based costing system attempts to accomplish relative to direct and indirect costs?13Q 14Q Explain the concept of a cost/benefit decision and how it relates to job costing systems.16Q 17Q 18Q 19Q 20Q 21Q 22Q 23Q 24Q Compute the budgeted overhead rate for the coming year, using direct labor dollars as the overhead allocation base.Compute the profit or loss on the job in (a) dollars and (b) as a percentage of the bid price. Express labor plus overhead as a percentage of total costs. (Round to one decimal place.) Prepare a revenue budget for the year ending December 31, 2016. Prepare a budgeted income statement for the month ending September 30, 2016. Prepare a budgeted income statement for the month ending March 31, 2016. Compute the budgeted overhead rates for each of the three cost pools. 7E 8E Compute the budgeted overhead rates for each of the three cost pools. From the following list of performance measures, label each one as Financial, Customer, Internal Business Processes, or Learning and Growth: Percentage of on-time deliveries Employee turnover ratio Revenue from new products Number of new customers Percentage of compensation based on team performance Percentage of products returned Operating income Time taken to replace defective products Luxe Inc., a chain of gasoline service stations, has a strategy of charging premium prices for its gasoline by providing excellent service such as attendants to pump gas, clean restrooms, and free air for tire inflation. Its balanced scorecard performance measures include: Increase in operating income through cost reduction (Financial); market share in the overall gasoline market (Customer); wait-time at the pump (Internal Business Processes); and employee bonus based on number of customers served (Learning and Growth). Indicate whether each of these performance measures is appropriate, given Luxes strategy.Basic Inc., a chain of gasoline service stations, has a strategy of charging discount prices for its gasoline by providing very little service and charging relatively high prices for the goods in its attached mini-market. Its balanced scorecard performance measures include: Increase in operating income through cost reduction (Financial); market share in the overall gasoline market (Customer); wait-time at the pump (Internal Business Processes); and store manager and employee bonus based on number of customers served (Learning and Growth). Indicate whether each of these performance measures is appropriate, given Basics strategy.Categorize each of the following quality costs as Prevention (P), Appraisal (A), Internal Failure (IF), or External Failure (EF):1P 1. Prepare a cost performance report. 2. Compute the budgeted profit and the actual profit on the job.1. Prepare a revenue budget. 2. Prepare a professional labor budget.1. Prepare an Overhead budget. 2. Prepare an Other Expenses budget.Using the information for Crable and Tesch, the systems consultants in P9-3 and P9-4, prepare a budgeted income statement for the year ended December 31, 2016.Compute the budgeted overhead rate for each of the three cost pools.Compute the budgeted overhead rate for each of the three cost pools.8P 9P Prepare a balanced scorecard, without numbers, for Action Athletics that will help them to achieve their strategy and to maximize long-term shareholder value. (Give at least two performance measures for each category.)Prepare a balanced scorecard for Delhi Dairies, without numbers, which will help them to achieve their strategy and to maximize long-term shareholder value. (Give at least two performance measures for each category.)12P 13P 1MC What is the difference between absorption costing and variable costing?Distinguish between product costs and period costs.What effect will applying variable costing have on the income statement and the balance sheet?What are the advantages and disadvantages of using variable costing?5Q What is the difference between gross margin and manufacturing margin?Why are there objections to using absorption costing when segment reports of profitability are being prepared?What are common costs?How is a contribution margin determined, and why is it important to management?What are considered direct costs in segment analysis?What is cost-volume-profit analysis?12Q What steps are required in constructing a break-even chart?What is the difference between the contribution margin ratio and the margin of safety ratio?What impact does income tax have on the break-even point?Define differential analysis, differential revenue, differential cost, and differential income.17Q 18Q What are distribution costs?What is the purpose of the analysis of distribution costs? In cost analysis, what determines which costs should be included in a study? Yellowstone Fabricators uses a process cost system and applies actual factory overhead to work in process at the end of the month. The following data came from the records for March: There were no beginning inventories and no ending work in process inventory. From the information presented, compute the following: 1. Unit cost of production under absorption costing and variable costing. 2. Cost of the ending inventory under absorption costing and variable costing.Using the information presented in E10-1, prepare comparative income statements for March (a) under absorption costing and (b) under variable costing.The chief executive officer of Acadia, Inc. attended a conference in which one of the sessions was devoted to variable costing. The CEO was impressed by the presentation and has asked that the following data of Acadia, Inc. be used to prepare comparative statements using variable costing and the companys absorption costing. The data follow: The factory produced 80,000 units during the period, and 70,000 units were sold for 700,000. 1. Prepare an income statement using variable costing. 2. Prepare an income statement using absorption costing. (Round unit costs to three decimal places.)The following production data came from the records of Olympic Enterprises for the year ended December 31, 2016: During the year, 40,000 units were manufactured but only 35,000 units were sold. Determine the effect on inventory valuation by computing the following: 1. Total inventoriable costs and the cost of the 35,000 units sold and of the 5,000 units in the ending inventory, using variable costing. 2. Total inventoriable costs and the cost of the 35,000 units sold and of the 5,000 units in the ending inventory, using absorption costing.A company had income of 50,000, using variable costing for a given period. Beginning and ending inventories for the period were 18,000 units and 13,000 units, respectively. If the fixed overhead application rate was 2 per unit, what was the net income, using absorption costing?The fixed overhead budgeted for Ranier Industries at an expected capacity of 500,000 units is 1,500,000. Variable costing is used internally, and the net income is adjusted to an absorption costing net income at year-end. Data collected over the last three years show the following: Determine the adjustment each year to convert the variable costing income to absorption costing net income. Compute the absorption costing net income for each year.Columbia Products Inc. has two divisions, Salem and Seaside. For the month ended March 31, Salem had sales and variable costs of 500,000 and 225,000, respectively, and Seaside had sales and variable costs of 800,000 and 475,000, respectively. Salem had direct fixed production and administrative expenses of 60,000 and 35,000, respectively, and Seaside had direct fixed production and administrative expenses of 80,000 and 45,000, respectively. Fixed costs that were common to both divisions and couldnt be allocated to the divisions in any meaningful way were selling, 33,000, and administration, 27,000. Prepare a segmented income statement by division for March.The sales price per unit is 13 for the Voyageur Companys only product. The variable cost per unit is 5. In 2016, the company sold 80,000 units, which was 10,000 units above the break-even point. Compute the following: 1. Total fixed expenses. (Hint: First compute the contribution margin per unit.) 2. Total variable expense at the break-even volume.Teton, Inc. sells its only product for 50 per unit. Fixed expenses total 800,000 per year. Variable expenses are 1,000,000 when 40,000 units are sold. How many units must be sold to earn a net operating income of 75,000?A new product is expected to have sales of 100,000, variable costs of 60% of sales, and fixed costs of 20,000. 1. Using graph paper, construct a break-even chart and label the sales line, total cost line, fixed cost line, break-even point, and net income and net loss areas. 2. From the chart, identify the break-even point and the amount of income or loss if sales are 100,000.Augusta Industries manufactures and sells two products, golf balls and tennis balls. Fixed costs are 100,000, and unit sales are 60,000 sheaths of golf balls and 40,000 cans of tennis balls. The unit sales prices and unit variable costs are as follows: 1. Compute the sales mix percentages. 2. Compute the overall break-even unit sales. 3. Compute the unit sales of golf balls and tennis balls at the break-even point.A company has sales of 1,000,000, variable costs of 250,000, and fixed costs of 600,000. Compute the following: 1. Contribution margin ratio. 2. Break-even sales volume. 3. Margin of safety ratio. 4. Net operating income percentage.13E A company has prepared the following statistics regarding its production and sales at different capacity levels. Total costs: 1. At what point is break-even reached in sales dollars? In units? (Hint: Use the capacity level to determine the number of units.) 2. If the company is operating at 60% capacity, should it accept an offer from a customer to buy 10,000 units at 3 per unit?15E 16E Redwood Industries needs 20,000 units of a certain part to use in its production cycle. The following information is available: If Redwood buys the part from Oak instead of making it, Redwood could not use the released facilities in another manufacturing activity. Eighty percent of the fixed factory overhead applied will continue regardless of what decision Redwood makes. In deciding whether to make or buy the part, what are the total relevant costs per unit to make the part? What decision should Redwood make? Suppose that Redwood was able to rent the released facilities to another company or use the released facilities to manufacture another product. How would that change your analysis? 18E Biscayne Industries has determined the cost of manufacturing a unit of product as follows, based on normal production of 100,000 units per year: Operating statistics for March and April include the following: The selling price is 20 per unit. There were no inventories on March 1, and there is no work in process on April 30. Required: Prepare comparative income statements for each month under each of the following: 1. Absorption costing (include under- or overapplied fixed overhead). 2. Variable costing.Roosevelt Enterprises has determined the cost of manufacturing a unit of product as follows, based on normal production of 50,000 units per year: Operating statistics for October and November include the following: The selling price is 30 per unit. There were no inventories on October 1, and there is no work in process on November 30. Required: Prepare comparative income statements for each month under each of the following: 1. Absorption costing (include under- or overapplied fixed overhead). 2. Variable costing.3P 4P 5P Arctic Software Inc. has two product lines. The income statement for the year ended December 31 shows the following: The products, Num 1 and Num 2, are sold in two territories, North and South, as follows: The common fixed expenses are traceable to each territory as follows: The direct expenses of Num 1, 160,000, and of Num 2, 140,000, are not identifiable with either of the two territories. Required: 1. Prepare income statements for the year, segmented by territory and including a column for the entire company. 2. Why are direct expenses of one type of segment report not direct expenses of another type of segment report?7P The production of a new product required Zion Manufacturing Co. to lease additional plant facilities. Based on studies, the following data have been made available: Estimated annual sales24,000 units Selling expenses are expected to be 5% of sales, and net income is to amount to 2.00 per unit. Required: 1. Calculate the selling price per unit. (Hint: Let X equal the selling price and express selling expense as a percentage of X.) 2. Prepare an absorption costing income statement for the year ended December 31, 2016. 3. Calculate the break-even point expressed in dollars and in units, assuming that administrative expense and factory overhead are all fixed but other costs are fully variable.Grand Canyon Manufacturing Inc. produces and sells a product with a price of 100 per unit. The following cost data have been prepared for its estimated upper and lower limits of activity: Overhead: Selling and administrative expenses: Required: 1. Classify each cost element as either variable, fixed, or semi-variable. (Hint: Recall that variable expenses must go up in direct proportion to changes in the volume of activity.) 2. Calculate the break-even point in units and dollars. (Hint: First use the high-low method illustrated in Chapter 4 to separate costs into their fixed and variable components.) 3. Prepare a break-even chart. 4. Prepare a contribution income statement, similar in format to the statement appearing on page 540, assuming sales of 5,000 units. 5. Recompute the break-even point in units, assuming that variable costs increase by 20% and fixed costs are reduced by 50,000.10P Emerald Island Company is considering building a manufacturing plant in County Kerry. Predicting sales of 100,000 units, Emerald Isle estimates the following expenses: An Irish firm that specializes in marketing will be engaged to sell the manufactured product and will receive a commission of 10% of the sales price. None of the U.S. home office expense will be allocated to the Irish facility. Required: 1. If the unit sales price is 2, how many units must be sold to break even? (Hint: First compute the variable cost per unit.) 2. Calculate the margin of safety ratio. 3. Calculate the contribution margin ratio.Royale Aluminum desires an after-tax income of $500,000. It has fixed costs of $2,500,000, a unit sales price of $300, and unit variable costs of $150, and is in the 40% tax bracket. Required: What amount of pre-tax income is needed to earn an after-tax income of $500,000? What target volume sales revenue must be reached to earn the $500,000 after-tax income? Assuming that this is a single-product firm, how many units must be sold to earn the after-tax income of $500,000? What target volume sales revenue would have been needed to achieve the $500,000 of income had no income tax existed? Deuce Sporting Goods manufactures a high-end model tennis racket. The company’s forecasted income statement for the year, before any special orders, is as follows: Fixed costs included in the forecasted income statement are $400,000 in manufacturing cost of goods sold and $200,000 in selling expenses. A new client placed a special order with Deuce, offering to buy 1,000 tennis rackets for $100.00 each. The company will incur no additional selling expenses if it accepts the special order. Assuming that Deuce has sufficient capacity to manufacture 1,000 more tennis rackets, by what amount would differential income increase (decrease) as a result of accepting the special order? (Hint: First compute the variable cost per unit relevant to this decision.) 14P 15P 1MC Denali Company manufactures household products such as windows, light fixtures, ladders, and work tables. During the year it produced 10,000 Model 10X windows but only sold 5,000 units at $40 each. The remaining units cannot be sold through normal channels. Cost for inventory purposes on December 31 included the following data on the unsold units: Denali can sell the 5,000 windows at a liquidation price of $20.00 per window, but it will incur a packaging and shipping charge of $7.50 per window. Required: Identify the relevant costs and revenues for the liquidation sale alternative. Is Denali better off accepting the liquidation price rather than doing nothing? Assume that Model 10X can be reprocessed to another size window, Model 20X, which will require the same amount of labor and overhead as was required to initially produce, but sells for only $33. Determine the most profitable course of action—liquidate or reprocess.

Page: [1][2]