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All Textbook Solutions for BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS+APPL.(LOOSELEAF)

_________is the original source of new alleles. a. Mutation c. Gene flow b. Natural selection d. Genetic drift 2SA Match the modes of natural selection with their best description. ____ stabilizing a. eliminates extreme forms of a trait ____ directional b. eliminates midrange forms of a trait ____ disruptive c. shifts phenotypes in one direction 4SA The persistence of the sickle allele at high frequency in a population is an example of ________. a. bottlenecking c. the founder effect b. inbreeding d. a balanced polymorphism 6SA 7SA Which of the following is not part of how we define a species? a. Its individuals appear different from other species. b. It is reproductively isolated from other species. c. Its populations can interbreed. d. Fertile offspring are produced.9SA 10SA 11SA 12SA In evolutionary trees, each node represents an __________. a. single lineage c. divergence b. extinction d. adaptive radiation.Match the evolutionary concepts. ____gene flow a. can lead to interdependent species ____sexual selection b. changes in a populations allele frequencies due to chance alone ____extinct c. alleles enter or leave a population ____genetic drift d. evolutionary history ____phylogeny e. operates on variation in shared traits ____adaptive radiation f. adaptive traits make their bearers better at securing mates ____derived trait g. no more living members ____coevolution h. diagram of sets within sets ____natural selection i. burst of divergences from one lineage into many ____cladogram j. present in a group, but not in any of the groups ancestors The evolution of wings helped the insect clade to be very successful. In this example, wings are an _______. a. derived trait c. key innovation b. adaptive trait d. all of the above Species have traditionally been characterized as primitive and advanced. For example, mosses were considered to be primitive, and flowering plants advanced; crocodiles were primitive and mammals were advanced. Why do most biologists of today think it is incorrect to refer to any modern species as primitive?Rama the cama, a llama-camel hybrid, was born in 1998. The idea was to breed an animal that has the camels strength and endurance, and the llamas gentle disposition. However, instead of being large, strong, and sweet, Rama is smaller than expected and has a camels short temper. The breeders plan to mate him with Kamilah, a female cama. What potential problems with this mating should the breeders anticipate?Two species of antelope, one from Africa, the other from Asia, are put into the same enclosure in a zoo. To the zookeepers surprise, individuals of the different species begin to mate and produce healthy, hybrid baby antelopes. Explain why a biologist might not view these offspring as evidence that the two species of antelope are in fact one.4CT An abundance of___________ in Earths early atmosphere would have prevented the spontaneous assembly of organic compounds on early Earth. a. hydrogen b. methane c. oxygen d. nitrogen The first interval of Earths existence is called the ________. a. Cambrian c. Proterozoic eon b. Hadean eon d. Archean eon The prevalence of ironsulfur cofactors in organisms supports the hypothesis that life arose_________. a. in outer space c. near deep-sea vents b. on tidal flats d. in the upper atmosphere Miller and Urey created a reaction chamber that simulated conditions in Earths early atmosphere to test the hypothesis that______. a. lightning-fueled atmospheric reactions could have produced organic compounds b. meteorites contain organic compounds c. organic compounds form at hydrothermal vents d. oxygen prevents formation of organic compounds RNA in ribosome catalyzes formation of peptide bonds in all organisms. This supports the hypothesis that______. a. RNA can hold more information than DNA b. RNA is more stable than DNA c an RNA world existed prior to the rise of DNA d. proteins evolved before RNA By one hypothesis, clay________. a. facilitated assembly of early polypeptides b. was present at hydrothermal vents c. provided energy for early metabolism d. served as an early genome Photosynthesis carried out by one group of ________ resulted in Earths first increase in atmospheric oxygen levels. a. archaea c. protists b. bacteria d. algae Mitochondria are most closely related to ___________. a. archaea c. rickettsias b. cyanobacteria d. algae The presence of ozone in the upper atmosphere protects life from _______. a. free radicals c. viruses b. ultraviolet UV radiation d. ionizing radiation A ribozyme consists of ___________. a. clay c. DNA b. lipids d. RNA A rise in oxygen in Earths air and seas set the stage for the evolution of _______. a. aerobic respiration c. photosynthesis b. fermentation d. sexual reproduction Which of the following was not present by the end of Precambrian? a. archaea c. fungi b. bacteria d. fish The first chloroplasts evolved from ___________. a. archaea c. cyanobacteria b. aerobic bacteria d. early eukaryotes During the Precambrian, _______. a. atmospheric oxygen concentration declined b. bacteria, archaea, and early eukaryotes arose c. dinosaurs became extinct d. all of the above Arrange these events in order of occurrence, with 1 being the earliest and 6 the most recent: ___1 a. Earths first seas form ___2 b. origin of mitochondria ___3 c. first protocells form ___4 d. Precambrian ends ___5 e. origin of chloroplasts ___6 f. first animals appear Researchers looking for fossils of the earliest life forms face many hurdles. For example, few sedimentary rocks date back more than 3 billion years. Review what you learned about plate tectonics Section 16.5. Explain why so few remaining samples of these early rocks remain.Rickettsia bacteria always live as parasites inside eukaryotic cells, and their genomes are much smaller than those of free-living bacteria. Organisms that live only as parasites often have reduced genomes compared to their free-living relatives. How could a parasitic lifestyle contribute to a reduction in genome size?________ can have a genome of either RNA or DNA. a. Bacteria b. Eukaryotes c. Viruses d. Archaea Peptidoglycan is seen only in cell walls of _______. a. retroviruses b. eukaryotes c. archaea d. bacteria In _______, viral DNA becomes integrated into a bacterial chromosome and is passed to descendant cells. a. binary fission c. the lysogenic pathway b. the lytic pathway d. conjugation 4SA 5SA 6SA 7SA _______ are oxygen-releasing photoautotrophs. a. Spirochetes c. Cyanobacteria b. Methanogens d. Bacteriophages 9SA Vitamin-producing E. coli cells in your gut are ________. a. normal microbiota c. proteobacteria b. chemoheterotrophs d. all of the above 11SA 12SA Eukaryotes are most closely related to _______. a. archaea b. bacteria c. retroviruses Match each disease with the type of pathogen that causes it. Choices may be used more than once. ___tuberculosis a. virus ___AIDS b. bacteria ___influenza flu ___Lyme disease ___cholera 15SA 1CT Methanogens have been found in the human gut and deep-sea sediments, but not on human skin or in the surface waters of the ocean. What physiological trait of methanogens could explain this distribution?Review the description of Fred Griffiths experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae in Section 8.1. Using your knowledge of horizontal gene transfer, explain the process by which the harmless bacteria became dangerous after exposure to components of harmful bacterial cells.The antibiotic penicillin interferes with synthesis of the peptidoglycan, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. Bacteria treated with penicillin cannot reproduce. Explain how penicillin halts binary fission.Many compounds secreted by soil bacteria have been isolated and are now produced synthetically for use as antibiotics. What function do you think these compounds play in the bacteria themselves? Devise an experiment that will test your hypothesis about the natural function of these substances.All protists _______. a. lack mitochondria c. live as single cells b. are aquatic d. have a nucleus Deposits of shells from ancient ________ have been transformed to chalk and limestone. a. dinoflagellates c. radiolaria b. diatoms d. foraminifera The presence of a contractile vacuole indicates that a single-celled protist _______. a. is marine c. is photosynthetic b. lives in fresh water d. secretes a toxin 4SA 5SA 6SA 7SA Some _______ are bioluminescent and other live inside the bodies of corals. a. red algae b. diatoms c dinoflagellates d. radiolaria 9SA A high concentration of oil helps _______ stay afloat and makes them useful in biofuel production. a. foraminiferans c. dinoflagellates b. radiolarians d. diatoms 11SA 12SA 13SA 14SA 15SA Imagine you are in a developing country where sanitation is poor. Having read about parasitic protists in water and damp soil, what would you consider safe to drink? What foods might be best to avoid or which food preparation methods might make them safe to eat?Which groups of protists are scientists most likely to find as fossils? Which groups are least likely to be fossilized? Explain your reasoning.Water in abandoned swimming pools often turns green. If you examined a drop of this water with a microscope, how could you tell whether the water contains protists and, if so, which group they might belong to?Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson determined the steps in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis by exposing the green alga Chlorella to CO2 labeled with the radioisotope carbon 14. By looking at which compounds the C14 ended up in, they were able to identify all intermediates in this cyclic pathway. Why did they predict correctly that the same set of intermediates would be formed in the light reaction in land plants?The protist that causes malaria evolved from a photosynthetic ancestor and has the remnant of a chloroplast. The organelle no longer functions in photosynthesis, it remains essential to the protist. Why might targeting this organelle yield an antimalarial drug that produces minimal side effects in humans?The first plants were_________. a. ferns c. bryophytes b. flowering plants d. conifers Which of the following statements is false? a. Ferns produce seeds inside sori. b. Conifers do not produce fruits. c. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms produce pollen. d. Only angiosperms produce flowers In bryophytes, eggs are fertilized in a chamber on the ________ and a zygote develops into a _______. a. sporophyte; gametophyte b. gametophyte; sporophyte c. sorus; cone 4SA Coal consists primarily of compressed remains of the _______that dominated ancient swamp forests. a. bryophytes c. flowering plants b. conifers d. seedless vascular plants 6SA 7SA 8SA Only angiosperms produce_______. a. pollen c. fruits b. seeds d. all of the above The _______do not have xylem or phloem. a. mosses b. ferns c. monocots d. conifers 11SA 12SA 13SA 14SA 15SA Early botanists admired ferns but found their life cycle perplexing, In the 1700s, they learned to propagate ferns by sowing what appeared to be tiny dustlike seeds that they collected from the undersides of fronds. Despite many attempts, the botanists could not locate the pollen source, which they assumed must stimulate these seeds to develop. Imagine you could write to these botanists. Compose a note that explains the fern life cycle and clears up their confusion.In animals, meiosis of germ cells produces gametes. Some plant cells also undergo meiosis, but the resulting cells are not gametes. Explain what the products of plant meiosis are, what they develop into, and how plants produce gametes.In most plants the largest, longest-lived body is a diploid sporophyte. By one hypothesis, diploid dominance was favored because it allowed a greater level of genetic diversity, suppose that a recessive mutation arises. It is mildly disadvantageous now, but it will be useful in some future environment. Explain why such a mutation would be more likely to persist in a fern that in a moss.Consider a cherry pit, which is a seed with a cherry embryo inside it. Trace the paternal ancestry of that embryo. Explain how the sperm that fathered the embryo came to unite with the egg, and the process by which that sperm originated.Suppose you wanted to make a science fiction film in which human time travelers went back to the carboniferous. What types of modern plants would you use and which would you avoid if you wanted to depict the carboniferous setting as accurately as possible?1SA 2SA 3SA 4SA 5SA 6SA 7SA Spores released from a mushrooms gills are _______. a. dikaryotic c. flagellated b. diploid d. produced by meiosis 9SA 10SA 11SA 12SA 13SA 14SA 15SA Developing antifungal drugs is more difficult than developing antibacterial drugs. Compounds that harm fungi more frequently cause side effects in humans than compounds that harm bacteria. Explain why this is the case, given the evolutionary relationships among bacteria, fungi, and humans.Bakers who want to be sure their yeast is alive "proof" it. They test the yeasts viability by putting a bit of it in warm water with some sugar. If the yeast is alive, bubbles will appear in the mix. What gas in the bubbles and how is it formed?3CT An ______ develops from a two-layer embryo. a. sea star c. butterfly b. sea anemone d. earthworm A great adaptive radiation of animals that occurred during the _______ gave rise to modern animal lineages. a. Precambrian c. Cambrian b. Ediacaran d. Jurassic 3SA 4SA 5SA 6SA 7SA 8SA The ______ include the only winged invertebrates. a. cnidarians c. arthropods b. echinoderms d. mollusks 10SA 11SA 12SA 13SA 1CT Increased acidity makes it more difficult for invertebrates to build structures that contain calcium carbonate. List the types of invertebrates that will be harmed by ongoing ocean acidification.Some insecticides that act by preventing molting also can harm crustaceans accidentally exposed to them. Explain why.All chordates have a _______ as embryos. a. backbone b. jaws c. notochord d. kidneys 2SA Vertebrate jaws evolved from _______. a. gill supports b. ribs c. scales d. teeth 4SA A divergence from ________ gave rise to tetrapods. a. ray-finned fishes c. cartilaginous fishes b. lizards d. lobe-finned fishes Reptiles, including birds, belong to one major lineage of amniotes, and________ belong to another. a. sharks c. mammals b. frogs and toads d. salamanders Reptiles are adapted to life on land by ______. a. tough skin d. amniotic eggs b. internal fertilization e. both a and c c. good kidneys f. all of the above The closest modern relatives of birds are ________. a. crocodilians b. mammals c. turtles d. lizards Among living animals, only birds have ________. a. a cloaca c. feathers b. a four-chambered heart d. amniote eggs The defining trait of hominins is __________. a. tool use b. bipedalism c. a big brain d. endothermy On what continent did Homo sapiens arise?Match the organisms with the appropriate description. ___ tunicates a. pouched mammals ___ fishes b. invertebrate chordates ___ amphibians c. feathered amniotes ___ primates d. egg-laying mammals ___ birds e. oldest vertebrate lineage ___ monotremes f. have grasping hands with nails ___ marsupials g. first land tetrapods ___ placental mammals h. most diverse mammal lineage 13SA Male aggression is rare in bonobo society and common in chimpanzee society. Various authors have argued that either one species or the other should be considered a model for "natural human behavior. Explain why, from the standpoint of relatedness, there is no reason to think that one of these species is a better model for human behavior than the other.Consider the human dispersal pattern described and illustrated in Figure 24.23. Given what you know about the founder effect Section 17.6, would you expect populations native to South America to be more or less genetically diverse than those native to Asia? Explain your reasoning.1SA 2SA 3SA 4SA 5SA 6SA 7SA 8SA 9SA 10SA 11SA 12SA 13SA 14SA 15SA 1CT 2CT 3CT 4CT 5CT 1SA 2SA 3SA 4SA The nutrition of some plants is enhanced by a mutually beneficial association between a root and a fungus. The association is known as _________. a. root nodule c. root hair b. mycorrhiza d. hypha Water evaporation from plant parts is called ___________. a. translocation c. transpiration b. respiration d. tension 7SA 8SA Sieve tubes are part of ___________. a. cortex c. phloem b. mesophyll d. xylem 10SA 11SA 12SA 13SA 14SA 1CT 2CT 3CT 4CT 5CT An animal pollinator may be rewarded by _______ when it visits a flower of a coevolved plant choose all that apply. a. pollen c. hormones b. nectar d. Fruit The arrival of pollen grains on a receptive stigma is called _______ . a. germination c. pollination b. abscission d. propagation 3SA In flowers, the structures that produce male gametophytes are called _______ ;the strcutures that produce female gametophytes are called _______ . a. pollen grains; flowers c. anthers; stigma b. stamen; carpels d. megaspores; microspores Seeds are mature _______ ; fruits are mature_______ . a. ovaries; ovules c. ovules; ovaries b. ovules; stamens d. stamens; ovaries 6SA The three main parts of a typical mature eudicot seed are the _______ . a. pollen grain, egg, and seed coat b. embryo, endosperm, and seed coat c. megaspores, microspores, and ovule d. embryo, cotyledons, and seed coat 8SA 9SA 10SA 11SA 12SA 13SA Which of the following statements is false? a. Auxin and gibberellin promote stem elongation b. Cytokinin promotes cell division in shoot tips c. Abscisic acid promotes water loss and dormancy d. Ethylene promotes fruit ripening and abscission.Match the observation with the main hormones.. ___ ethylene a. Your cabbage plants bolt they form elongated flowering stalks. ___ cytokinin b. The potted plant in your room is leaning toward the window ___ auxin c. Lateral buds are sprouting. ___ gibberellin d. The seeds of your roommates marijuana plant do not germinate no matter what he does to them. ___ abscisic acid e. The last of your apples is getting really mushy ___ nitric oxide f. Your lettuce plants develop brown spots on their leaves.The oat coleoptiles on the left have been modified: either cut or placed in a light-blocking tube. Which ones will still bend toward a directional light source?Is the seedling shown on the right a monocot or eudicot? How can you tell?3CT 4CT _______ tissues are sheetlike with one free surface. a. Epithelial b. Connective c. Nervous d. Muscle _________ allow cardiac muscle cells to contract in unison. a. Tight junctions c. Gap junctions b. Adhering junctions d. all of the above Glands are derived from ________ tissue. a. epithelial b. connective c. muscle d. nervous Most ________ have many collagen and elastin fibers. a. epithelial tissues c. muscle tissues b. connective tissues d. nervous tissues ________ is mostly plasma. a. Adipose tissue c. Cartilage b. Blood d. Bone 6SA Cells of ________ can shorten contract. a. epithelial tissue c. muscle tissue b. connective tissue d. nervous tissue 8SA ________ detects and integrates information about changes and controls responses to those changes. a. Epithelial tissue c. Muscle tissue b. Connective tissue d. Nervous tissue 10SA 11SA 12SA 13SA 14SA Match the terms with the most suitable description. ___ exocrine gland a. strong, pliable; like rubber ___ endocrine gland b. secretion through duct ___ cartilage c. deep skin layer ___ dermis d. contracts, not striated ___ smooth muscle e. assist and support neurons ___ bone f. makes skin dark ___ melanin g. lines lungs ___ blood h. cells in a hardened matrix ___ neuroglia i. fluid connective tissue ___ brown fat j. ductless secretion ___ simple squamous epithelium k. many mitochondria produce heat Many people oppose the use of animals for testing the safety of cosmetics. They argue that alternative test methods are available, such as use of lab-grown human tissues. Given what you learned in this chapter, speculate on the advantages and disadvantages of tests that use lab-grown tissues as opposed to living animals.2CT Each level of biological organization has emergent properties that arise from interactions at a lower level. For example, cells have a capacity for inheritance that the molecules making up the cell do not. Can you think of an emergent property of a tissue? Of an organ that contains that tissue?The micrograph to the left shows cells from the lining of an airway leading to the lungs. The gold cells are ciliated and the darker brown ones secrete mucus. What type of tissue is this? How can you tell?______ relay messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands. a. Motor neurons c. Interneurons b. Sensory neurons d. Neuroglia 2SA Action potentials occur when ______. a. potassium gates close b. a stimulus pushes membrane potential to threshold c. sodium-potassium pumps become active d. neurotransmitter is reabsorbed Neurotransmitters are released by _______. a. axon terminals c. dendrites b. the cell body d. the myelin sheath 5SA 6SA 7SA 8SA 9SA 10SA Alcohol affects coordination by its effect on the ______. a. pons c. spinal cord b. cerebellum d. hypothalamus Myelinated axons make up the brains _______. a. white matter c. gray matter b. ventricles d. meninges Match the terms with their descriptions. ____ thalamus a. coordinates motor activity ____ dopamine b. connects the hemispheres ____ limbic system c. protects brain and spinal cord from some toxins ____ corpus callosum d. one type of neurotransmitter ____ cerebral cortex e. support team for neurons ____ cerebellum f. wrap brain and spinal cord ____ neuroglia g. roles in emotion and memory ____ ganglion h. most complex integration ____ blood-brain barrier i. cluster of neuron cell bodies ____ meninges j. regulates sleep-wake cycle 1CT 2CT 3CT 1SA 2SA 3SA 4SA 5SA 6SA The middle ear functions in _______. a. detecting shifts in body position b. amplifying and transmitting sound waves c. sorting sound waves out by frequency 8SA 9SA 10SA 11SA 12SA 13SA 14SA 15SA 1CT 2CT 3CT 4CT The ________ hormones enter cells and function a transcription factors. a. steroid b. protein c. peptide d. both b and c 2SA Overproduction of ________ causes gigantism. a. growth hormone c. insulin b. cortisol d. melatonin 4SA 5SA 6SA 7SA 8SA 9SA 10SA 11SA 12SA 13SA 14SA 1CT Cells of an overactive thyroid can be killed by radioactive iodine. Explain why the thyroids hormone-producing cells take up more radioactive iodine than other cells of the body.3CT 1SA 2SA 3SA 4SA 5SA 6SA 7SA 8SA 9SA ATP for muscle contraction can be provided by ______. a. aerobic respiration b. lactate fermentation c. transfer of a phosphate from creatine phosphate d. all of the above 11SA 12SA Cheetahs and human sprinters tend to have a high proportion of ________fibers in their leg muscles. a. white b. fast red c. slow red 14SA 15SA 1CT After death, a person no longer makes ATP, so calcium stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum diffuses down its concentration gradient into the muscle cytoplasm. This result is rigor mortis----an unbreakable state of muscle contraction that stiffens the body for a few days until muscles begin to decay. Explain why this contraction occurs.Continued strenuous activity can cause lactate to accumulate in muscles. After the activity stops, the lactate is converted into pyruvate and used as an energy source. Explain how pyruvate can be used to produce ATP.All vertebrates have _______ . a. a closed circulatory system b. a two-chambered heart c. lungs d. hemolymph 2SA The ________ circuit carries blood to and from lungs.4SA 5SA 6SA 7SA Contraction of _______ drives the flow of blood through the aorta and pulmonary arteries. a. atria b. veins c. arterioles d. Ventricles

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