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All Textbook Solutions for BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS+APPL.(LOOSELEAF)

1SA 2SA 3SA By sensing and responding to change, organisms keep conditions in the internal environment within ranges that cells can tolerate. This process is called ____________.DNA____________. a. guides form and function c. is transmitted from parent to offspring b. is the basis of traits d. all of the above Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya are three _____________ .A process by which an organism produces offspring is called __________ .____________ is the transmission of DNA to offspring. a. Reproduction c. Homeostasis b. Development d. Inheritance A butterfly is a n _________ choose all that apply. a. organism e. consumer b. domain f. producer c. species g. prokaryote d. eukaryote h. trait A bacterium is __________ choose all that apply. a. an organism c. an animal c. single-celled d. a eukaryote A control group is __________. a. a set of individuals that have a certain characteristics or receive a certain treatment b. the standard against which an experimental group is compared c. the experiment that gives conclusive results Fifteen randomly selected students are found to be taller than 6 feet. The researchers concluded that the average height of a student is greater than 6 feet. This is an example of ________. a. experimental error c. a subjective opinion b. sampling error d. experimental bias 13SA Which of the following statements can be falsified? a. All of the fish in Lake Michigan are brown. b. French cheese is the tastiest. c. Homeopathic remedies work only if you believe in them.Match the terms with the most suitable description. ____ data a. if-then statement ____ probability b. unique type of organism ____ species c. emerges with cells ____ theory d. testable explanation ____ prediction e. measure of chance ____ producer f. time-tested hypothesis ____ hypothesis g. makes its own food ____ life h. scientific results A person is declared dead upon the irreversible ceasing of spontaneous body functions: brain activity, blood circulation, and respiration. Only about 1 of bodys cells have to die in order for all of these things to happen. How can a person be dead when 99 of his or her cells are alive?2CT Why would you think twice about ordering from a restaurant menu that lists the specific epithet but not the genus name of its offerings? Hint: Look up Homarus americanus, Ursus americanus, Ceanothus americanus, Bufo americanus, Lepus americanus, and Nicrophorus americanus.Once there was a highly intelligent turkey that had nothing to do but reflect on the worlds regularities. Morning always started out with the sky turning light, followed by the masters footsteps, which were always followed by the appearance of food. Other things varied, but food always followed footsteps. The sequence of events was so predictable that it eventually became the basis of the turkeys theory that footsteps bring food. One morning, after more than 100 confirmations of this theory, the turkey listened for the masters footsteps, heard them, and had its head chopped off. Scientific theories can be revised upon the discovery of inconsistent evidence. Suggest a modification to the turkeys theory that the remaining members of the flock would find more useful for making accurate predictions.In 2005, researcher Woo-suk Hwang reported that he had made immortal stem cells from human patients. His research was hailed as a breakthrough for people affected by degenerative diseases, because stem cells may be used to repair a persons own damaged tissues. Hwang published his results in a peer-reviewed journal. In 2006, the journal retracted his paper after other scientists discovered that Hwangs group had faked their data. Does the incident show that results of scientific studies cannot be trusted? Or does it confirm the usefulness of a scientific approach, because other scientists discovered and exposed the fraud?What atom has only one proton? a. hydrogen c. a free radical b. an isotope d. a radioisotope A molecule into which a radioisotope has been incorporated can be used as an ____________. a. compound c. salt b. tracer d. acid 3SA 4SA All ions have at least one ________ select all that are correct. a. proton c. electron b. neutron d. all of the above Rank the following chemical bonds in order of increasing polarity. a. nonpolar covalent b. ionic c. polar covalent The mutual attraction of opposite charges holds atoms together as molecules in an _______ bond. a. ionic c. polar covalent b. hydrogen d. nonpolar covalent Atoms share electrons unequally in an _______ bond. a. ionic c. polar covalent b. hydrogen d. nonpolar covalent An _________ substance repels water. a. acidic c. hydrophobic b. basic d. polar A salt does not release ______ in water. a. ions b. H+Hydrogen ions H+ are _____. a. in blood c. indicated by a pH scale b. protons d. all of the above When dissolved in water, an _________ donates H+; an ________ accepts H+. a. acid; base c. buffer; solute b. base; acid d. base; buffer An ________ can help keep the pH of a solution stable. a. covalent bond c. buffer b. hydrogen bond d. free radical 14SA 15SA Alchemists were the forerunners of modern-day chemists. Many of these medieval scholars and philosophers spent their lives trying to transform lead atomic number 82 into gold atomic number 79. Explain why they never succeeded.Draw a shell model of a lithium atom Li, which has three protons, then predict whether the majority of lithium atoms on Earth are uncharged, positively charged, or negatively charged.Polonium is a rare element with 33 radioisotopes. The most common one, P210o, has 84 protons and 126 neutrons. When P210o decays, it emits an alpha particle, which is a helium nucleus 2 protons and 2 neutrons. P210o decay is tricky to detect because alpha particles do not carry very much energy compared to other forms of radiation. For example, they can be stopped by a single sheet of paper or a few inches of air. That is one reason why authorities failed to discover toxic amounts of P210o in the body of former KGB agent Alexander Litvinenko until after he died suddenly and mysteriously in 2006. What element does an atom of P210o change into after it emits an alpha particle.Some undiluted acids are not as corrosive as when they are diluted with water. That is why lab workers are told to wipe off splashes with a towel before washing. Explain.Organic molecules consist mainly of _______ atoms. a. carbon c. carbon and hydrogen b. carbon and oxygen d. carbon and nitrogen Each carbon atom can bond with as many as _________ other atoms._______ groups are the acid part of amino acids and fatty acids. a. Hydroxyl (OH) c. Methyl (CH3) b. Carboxyl (COOH) d. Phosphate (PO4)_______ is a simple sugar a monosaccharide. a. Ribose c. Starch b. Sucrose d. all are monosaccharides Unlike saturated fats, the fatty acid tails of unsaturated fats incorporate one or more ________. a. phosphate group c. double bonds b. glycerols d. single bonds 6SA Steroids are among the lipids with no _______. a. double bonds c. hydrogens b. fatty acid tails d. carbons Name three kinds of carbohydrates that can be built using only glucose monomers.Which of the following is a class of molecules that encompasses all of the other molecules listed? a. triglycerides c. waxes e. lipids b. fatty acids d. steroids f. phospholipids _______ are to protein as ______ are to nucleic acids. a. Sugars; lipids c. Amino acids; hydrogen bonds b. Sugars; proteins d. Amino acids; nucleotides A denatured protein has lost its _______. a. hydrogen bonds c. function b. shape d. all of the above A ______ is an example of protein secondary structure. a. barrel c. domain b. polypeptide d. helix 13SA Match the molecules with the best description. ___ wax a. sugar storage in plants ___ starch b. richest energy source ___ triglyceride c. water-repellent secretion ___ sucrose d. animal muscle energy source ___ glycogen e. a disaccharide Match each polymer with the components. ___ protein a. phosphate, fatty acids ___ phospholipid b. amino acids, sugars ___ glycoprotein c. glycerol, fatty acids ___ triglyceride d. nucleotides ___ nucleic acid e. glucose only ___ lipoprotein f. lipids, amino acids ___ cellulose g. amino acids Lipoprotein particles are relatively large, spherical clumps of protein and lipid molecules see Figure 3.14 that circulate in the blood of mammals. They are like suitcases that move cholesterol, fatty acids remnants, triglycerides, and phospholipids from one place to another in the body. Given what you know about lipids and their solubility in water, which of the four kinds of lipids would you predict to be on the outside of a lipoprotein clump, bathed in the water-based fluid portion of blood?In 1976, a team of chemists in the United Kingdom was developing new insecticides by modifying sugars with chlorine Cl2, phosgene Cl2CO, and other toxic gases. One young Member of the team misunderstood his verbal instructions to test a newly made candidate substance. He thought he had been told to taste it. Luckily for him, the substance was not toxic, but it was very sweet. It became the food additive sucralose. Sucralose has three chlorine atoms substituted for three hydroxyl groups of sucrose table sugar. It binds so strongly to the sweet-taste receptors on the tongue that the human brain perceives it as 600 times sweeter than sucrose. Sucralose was originally marketed as an artificial sweetener called Splenda, but it is now available under several other brand names. Researchers investigated whether the body recognizes sucralose as a carbohydrate. They began by feeding sucralose labeled with 14C to volunteers. Analysis of the radioactive molecules in the volunteers urine and feces showed that 92.8 percent of the sucralose passed through the body without being altered. Many people are worried that the chlorine atoms impart toxicity to sucralose. How would you respond to that concern?All cells have these three things in common ______. a. cytoplasm, DNA and, organelles with membranes b. a plasma membrane, DNA, and a nuclear envelope. c. cytoplasm, DNA, and a plasma membrane. d. a cell wall, cytoplasm, and DNA.Every cell is descended from another cell. This idea is part of ______. a. evolution c. the cell theory b. the theory of hereditary d. cell biology The surface-to-volume ratio _______. a. does not apply to prokaryotic cells. b. constrains cell size. c. is part of the cell body Cell membranes consists mainly of ________ and ________ . a. lipids; carbohydrates c. lipids; phospholipids b. phospholipids; protein d. phospholipids; ECM In a lipid bilayer, the ________ of all the lipid molecules are sandwiched between all of the ________. a. hydrophilic tails; hydrophobic heads b. hydrophilic heads; hydrophilic tails c. hydrophobic tails; hydrophilic heads d. hydrophobic heads; hydrophilic tails What controls the passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus? a. endoplasmic reticulum, an extension of the nucleus b. nuclear pores, which consists of membrane proteins c. nucleoli, in which ribosome subunits are made d. dynamically assembled microtubules e. tight junctions Most of a membranes diverse functions are carried out by ________ . a. proteins c. nucleic acids b. phospholipids d. hormones The main function of the endomembrane system is _______ . a. building and modifying proteins and lipids b. isolating DNA from toxic substances c. secreting extracellular matrix onto the cell surface d. producing ATP by aerobic respiration Which of the following statements is correct? a. Ribosomes are only found in bacteria and archaea. b. Some animal cells are prokaryotic c. Only eukaryotic cells have mitochondria d. The plasma membrane is the outermost boundary of all cells. e. Some cell membranes do not consists of lipids.Enzymes contained in ________ break down worn-out organelles, bacteria, and other particles. a. lysosomes c. endoplasmic reticulum b. mitochondria d. peroxisomes Put the following structures in order according to the pathway of a secreted protein: a. plasma membrane c. endoplasmic reticulum b. Golgi bodies d. post-Golgi bodies 12SA Which of the following organelles contains no DNA? Choose all that are correct. a. nucleus c. mitochondrion b. Golgi body d. chloroplast 14SA 15SA In a classic episode of Star Trek, a gigantic amoeba engulfs an entire starship. Spock blows the cell to bits before it can reproduce. Think of at least one inaccuracy that a biologist would identify in this scenario.2CT What type of micrograph is shown below? Is the organism pictured prokaryotic or eukaryotic? How can you tell? Which structures can you identify?Which of the following statements is not correct? a. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. b. Energy cannot change from one form to another. c. Energy tends to disperse spontaneously. d. Energy can be transferred.________ is lifes primary source of energy. a. Food b. Water c. Sunlight d. ATP 3SA 4SA ________ are always changed by participating in a reaction. a. Enzymes c. Reactants b. Cofactors d. Coenzymes Name one environmental factor that typically influences enzyme function.7SA 8SA 9SA A molecule that donates electrons becomes _________, and the one that accepts the electrons becomes ________ . a. reduced; oxidized c. oxidized; reduced b. ionic; electrified d. electrified; ionic Solutes tend to diffuse from a region where they are _______ more/less concentrated to an adjacent region where they are ________ more/less concentrated.12SA A transport protein requires ATP to pump sodium ions across a membrane. This is a case of _____ . a. passive transport c. osmosis b. active transport d. facilitated diffusion Immerse a human blood cell in a hypotonic solution, and water ________ . a. diffuses into the cell c. shows no net movement b. diffuses out of the cell d. moves in by endocytosis 15SA Beginning physics students are often taught the basic concepts of thermodynamics with two phrases: First, you can never win. Second, you can never break even. Explain.Describe diffusion in terms of entropy.How do you think a cell regulates the amount of glucose it brings into its cytoplasm from the extracellular environment?The enzyme trypsin is sold as a dietary enzyme supplement. Explain what happens to trypsin that is taken with food.Catalase combines two hydrogen peroxide molecules (H2O2+H2O2) to make two molecules of water. A gas also forms. What is the gas?A cat eats a bird, which ate a caterpillar that chewed on a weed. Which of these organisms are autotrophs? Which ones are heterotrophs?Plants use ________ as an energy source to drive photostnthesis. a. sunlight b. hydrogen ions c. O2 d. CO2 In plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes, and cyanobacteria, the light-dependent reactions proceed in/at the ________. a. thylakoid membrane c. stroma b. plasma membrane d. cytoplasm Most of the carbon that land plants use for photosynthesis comes from ________. a. sugars c. water b. the atmosphere d. soil Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. Pigments absorb light of certain wavelengths only. b. Some accessory pigments are antioxidants. c. Chlorophyll is green because it absorbs green light.When a photosystem absorbs light energy, ________ a. sugar phosphates are produced b. electrons are transferred to ATP c. electrons are ejected from its special pair In the light-dependent reactions, _______. a. carbon dioxide is fixed c. CO2 accepts electrons b. ATP forms d. sugars form 8SA 9SA 10SA The Calvin-Benson cycle starts with _______. a. the absorption of photon energy b. carbon fixation c. the release of electrons from photosystem II d. NADP+ formation Which of the following substances does not participate in the Calvin-Benson cycle? a. ATP c. NADPH e. PGAL b. O2 d. RuBP f. CO2 Closed stomata ________. a. limit gas exchange c. prevent photosynthesis b. permit water loss d. absorb light In C3 plants, _______ makes sugar production inefficient when stomata close on hot, dry days. a. photosynthesis c. photorespiration b. photolysis d. carbon fixation Match each term with its most suitable description. ____ PGAL formation a. absorbs light ____CO2 fixation b. converts light to chemical energy ____ autotroph c. self-feeder ____ ATP forms NADPH does not d. electrons cycle back to photosystem ____ photorespiration e. problem in C3 plants ____ photosynthesis f. Calvin-Benson cycle product ____ pigment g. water molecules split ____ photolysis in photosynthesis h. rubisco function About 200 years ago, Jan Baptisa van Helmontwanted to know where growing plants get the materials necessary for increase in size. He planted a tree seedling weighting 2.2 kilograms 5 pounds in a barrel filled with 90 kilograms 200 pounds of soil and then watered the tree regularly. After five years, the tree had gained almost 75 kilograms 164 pounds, and the soils weight was unchanged. He incorrectly concluded that the tree had gained all of its additional weight by absorbing water. How did the tree really gain most of its weight?While gazing into an aquarium, you observe bubbles coming from anaquatic plant left. What are the bubbles?A C3 plant absorbs a carbon radio isotope (aspartof14CO2). In which stable organic compound does the labeled carbon first appear?In 2005, a new species of green sulfur bacteria was discovered near a geothermal vent at the bottom of the ocean. An exceptionally efficient light-harvesting mechanism allows these bacteria to carry out photosynthesis where the only illumination is a dim volcanic glow emanating from the vent. Cell membranes are required for electron transfer chains in the light-dependent reactions, but these bacteria have no internal membranes. How do you think they carry out the light-dependent reactions?Is the following statement true or false? Unlike animals, which make many ATP by aerobic respiration, plants make all of their ATP by photosynthesis.Glycolysis starts and ends in the ________. a. nucleus c. plasma membrane b. mitochondrion d. cytoplasm Which of the following pathways requires molecular oxygen (O2)? a. aerobic respiration b. lactate formation c. alcoholic fermentation d. photosynthesis Which molecule does not form during glycolysis? a. NADH c. oxygen (O2) b. pyruvate d. ATP In eukaryotes, the final reactions of aerobic respiration are completed in _______ . a. the nucleus c. the plasma membrane b. mitochondria d. cytoplasm 6SA After the citric acid cycle reactions run _________, one six-carbon glucose molecule has been completely broken down to CO2. a. once b. twice c. six times d. twelve times 8SA 9SA 10SA 11SA 12SA Which of the following is not produced by an animal muscle cell operating under anaerobic conditions? a. heat d. ATP b. pyruvate e. lactate c. PGAL f. oxygen Hydrogen ion flow drives ATP synthesis during ______ . a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. aerobic respiration d. fermentation Match the terms with the best description. ___ mitochondrial matrix a. needed for glycolysis ___ pyruvate b. inner gel ___ NAD+ c. makes many ATP ___ mitochondrion d. product of glycolysis ___ NADH e. reduced coenzyme ___ anaerobic f. no oxygen required 1CT 2CT Which is not a nucleotide base in DNA? a. adenine c. glutamine e. cytosine b. guanine d. thymine f. All are in DNA.What are the base-pairing rules for DNA? a. A-G, T-C c. A-T, G-C b. A-C, T-G d. A-A, G-G, C-C, T-T Similarities in ___________ are the basis of similarities in traits. a. karyotype c. the double helix b. DNA sequence d. chromosome number One species DNA differs from others in its _______. a. nucleotides c. double helix b. DNA sequence d. sugar-phosphate backbone In eukaryotic chromosomes, DNA wraps around _________. a. histone proteins c. centromeres b. sister chromatids d. nucleosomes The chromosome number ________ . a. refers to a particular chromosome in a cell b. is a characteristic feature of a species c. is the number of autosomes in cells of a given type d. is the same in all species 7SA DNA replication requires ________ . a. DNA polymerase c. primers b. nucleotides d. all are required Energy that drives the attachment of a nucleotide to the end of a growing strand of DNA comes from ________. a. the nucleotide b. DNA polymerase c. phosphate-group transfers from ATP When DNA replication begins, _______ . a. the two DNA strands unwind from each other b. the two DNA strands condense for base transfers c. old strands move to find new strands The phrase 5to3 refers to the _________ . a. timing of DNA replication b. directionality of DNA synthesis c. number of phosphate groups After DNA replication, a eukaryotic chromosome _________ . a. consists of two sister chromatids b. has a characteristic X shape c. is constricted at the centromere d. all of the above 13SA _________ is an example of reproductive cloning. a. Somatic cell nuclear transfer SCNT b. Multiple offspring from the same pregnancy c. Artificial embryo splitting d. a and c Match the terms appropriately. ___ nucleotide ___ clone a. nitrogen-containing base, sugar, phosphate groups ___ autosome b. copy of an organism ___ DNA polymerase c. does not determine sex ___ mutation d. injects DNA ___ bacteriophage e. replication enzyme ___ semiconservative replication f. can cause cancer g. something old, something new ___ DNA ligase h. seals gaps and breaks Determine the complementary strand of DNA that forms on this template DNA fragment during replication: 5-GGTTTCTTCAAGAGA-3 Woolly mammoths have been extinct for about 4,000 years, but we often find their well-preserved remains in Siberian permafrost. Research groups are now planning to use SCNT to resurrect these huge elephant-like mammals. No mammoth eggs have been recovered yet, so elephant eggs would be used instead. An elephant would also be the surrogate mother for the resulting embryo. The researchers may try a modified SCNT technique used to clone a mouse that had been dead and frozen for sixteen years. Ice crystals that form during freezing break up cell membranes, so cells from the frozen mouse were in bad shape. Their DNA was transferred into donor mouse eggs, and cells from the resulting embryos were fused with undifferentiated mouse cells. Four healthy clones were born from the hybrid embryos. What are some of the pros and cons of cloning an extinct animal?Xeroderma pigmentosum is an inherited disorder characterized by rapid formation of many skin sores that develop into cancers. All forms of radiation trigger these symptoms, including fluorescent light, which contains UV light in the range of 320 to 400 nm. In most affected individuals, at least one of nine particular proteins is missing or defective. What is the collective function of these proteins?A chromosome contains many different gene regions that are transcribed into different ________. a. proteins c. RNAs b. polypeptides d. DNA strands A binding site for RNA polymerase is called a ________. a. gene c. codon b. promoter d. protein An RNA molecule is typically _________ ; a DNA molecule is typically ______ . a. single-stranded; double-stranded b. double-stranded; single-stranded RNAs form by ______ ; proteins form by ________ . a. replication; translation b. translation; transcrpition c. transcription; translation d. replication; transcription 5SA 6SA Energy that drives transcription is provided mainly by _______ . a. ATP c. GTP b. RNA nucleotides d. RNA polymerase Most codons specify an _________ . a. protein c. amino acid b. polypeptide d. mRNA Anticodons pair with _______ . a. mRNA codons c. RNA anticodons b. DNA codons d. amino acids What is the maximum number of amino acids that can be encoded by a gene with 45 bases plus a stop codon? a. 15 c. 90 b. 45 d. 135 _______ are removed from new mRNAs. a. Introns c. Poly-A tails b. Exons d. Amino acids Where does transcription take place in a eukaryotic cell?Where does translation take place in a eukaryotic cell?Energy that drives translation is provided mainly by ______ . a. ATP c. GTP b. amino acids d. ribosomes Put the following processes in order of their occurrence during expression of a eukaryotic gene: a. mRNA processing c. transcription b. translation d. RNA leaves nucleus 16SA Researchers are designing and testing antisense drugs as therapies for a variety of diseases, including cancer, AIDS, diabetes, and muscular dystrophy. The drugs are also being tested to fight infection by deadly viruses such as Ebola. Antisense drugs consist of short RNA strands complementary in sequence to mRNAs that form during the progression of a disease. How do you think these drugs work?An anticodon has the sequence GCG. What amino acid does this tRNA carry? What would be the effect of a mutation that changed the C of the anticodon to a G?Each position of a codon can be occupied by one of four 4 nucleotides. What is the minimum number of nucleotides per codon necessary to specify all 20 of the amino acids that are found in proteins?4CT Translate the sequence of bases in the previous question, starting at the second base.6CT Gene expression does not vary by ________. a. cell type c. stage of development b. extracellular conditions d. the genetic code Binding of _______ to _______ in DNA can increase the rate of transcription of specific genes. a. activators; repressors c. repressors; operators b. activators; enhancers d. repressors; enhancers 3SA Mechanisms that govern gene expression do not operate during _______. a. transcription c. translation b. RNA processing d. knockouts Muscle cells differ from bone cells because they ________. a. carry different genes c. are eukaryotic b. express different genes d. are different ages 6SA 7SA 8SA Which of the following includes all of the others? a. homeotic genes c. SRY gene b. master genes d. PAX6 10SA 11SA 12SA 13SA True or false? Gene expression patterns can be inherited.Match the terms with the most suitable description. ___ methylation a. makes a man out of you ___ SRY gene b. binding site for repressor ___ operator c. cells become specialized ___ Barr body d. can be epigenetic ___ differentiation e. inactivated X chromosome Why are some genes expressed and some not?Do the same mechanism of governing gene expression operate in bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells?3CT The photos below show flowers from two Arabidopsis plants. One plant is wild-type unmutated; the other carries a mutation in one of its ABC floral identity genes. This mutation causes sepals and petals to form instead of stamens and carpels. Refer to Figure 10.7 to decide which gene A, B, or C has been inactivated by the mutation.1SA A duplicated chromosome has ______ chromatids. a. one c. three b. two d. four 3SA Most cells spend the majority of their lives in _________ a. prophase d. telophase b. metaphase e. interphase c. anaphase f. Senescence 5SA 6SA In intervals of interphase, G stands for ________ a. gap c. Gey b. growth d. gene 8SA 9SA 10SA Cytoplasm of a plant cell divides by the process of ________. a. telekinesis c. fission b. nuclear division d. cytokinesis 12SA ________ are characteristic of cancer. a. Malignant cells b. Neoplasms c. Tumors Match each term with its best description. ___ cell plate a. lump of cells ___ spindle b. made of microfilaments ___ tumor c. divide plant cells ___ cleavage furrow d. spindle originates here ___ contractile ring e. dangerous metastatic cells ___ cancer f. made of microtubules ___ centrosomes g. indentation ___ telomere h. shortens with age Match each stage with the events listed. ___ metaphase a. sister chromatids move apart ___ prophase b. chromosomes condense ___ telophase c. new nuclei form ___ interphase d. chromosomes aligned midway between spindle poles ___ anaphase e. G1, S, G2 ___ cytokinesis f. cytoplasmic division When a cell reproduces by mitosis and cytoplasmic division, does its life ends?How is the human life cycle related to the cell cycle of the cells that make up our bodies?The eukaryotic cell in the photo on the left is in the process of cytoplasmic division. Is this cell from a plant or an animal? How do you know?Exposures to radioisotopes or other sources of radiation can damage DNA. Humans exposed to high levels of radiation face a condition called radiation poisoning. Why do you think that exposure to radiation is used as a therapy to treat some kinds of cancers?Suppose you have a way to measure the amount of DNA in one cell during the cell cycle. You first measure the amount at the G1 phase. At what points in the rest of the cycle will you see a change in the amount of DNA per cell?One evolutionary advantage of sexual over asexual reproduction may be that it produces ________ . a. more offspring per individual b. more variation among offspring c. healthier offspring Alternative forms of the same gene are called _________ . a. gametes c. alleles b. homologous d. sister chromatids Meiosis is a necessary part of sexual reproduction because it ________ . a. divides two nuclei into four new nuclei b. reduces the chromosome number c. produces clones that can cross over Meiosis ________. a. occurs only in germ cells of animals b. supports growth and tissue repair in multicelled species c. gives rise to genetic diversity among offspring d. is part of the life cycle of all cells.Sexual reproduction in animals requires ________ . a. meiosis c. gametes b. fertilization d. all of the above Dogs have a diploid chromosome number of 78. How many chromosomes do their gametes have? a. 39 c. 156 b. 78 d. 234 7SA 8SA Crossing over mixes up _______ . a. chromosomes c. zygotes b. alleles d. gametes Crossing over happens during which phase of meiosis? a. prophase I c. anaphase I b. prophase II d. anaphase II _________ contributes to variation in traits among the offspring of sexual reproducers. a. Crossing over c. Fertilization b. Chromosome segregation d. all of the above Which of the following is one of the very important differences between mitosis and meiosis? a. Chromosomes align midway between spindle poles only in meiosis. b. Homologous chromosomes separate only in meiosis. c. DNA is replicated before mitosis only. d. Sister chromatids separate only in meiosis. e. Interphase occurs only in mitosis.Match each term with its description. ___interphase a. different forms of a gene ___metaphase I b. useful for varied offspring ___alleles c. none between meiosis I and meiosis II ___zygotes d. chromosome lineup ___gametes e. haploid ___males f. form at fertilization ___prophase I g. mash-up time In your own words, explain why sexual reproduction tends to give rise to greater genetic diversity among offspring in fewer generations than asexual reproduction.Make a simple sketch of meiosis in a diploid germ cell that has one pair of homologous chromosomes. Now try it when the cell has three homologous chromosomes it is triploid, with three copies of one chromosome.The diploid chromosome number for the body cells of a frog is 26.What would the frog chromosome number be after three generations if meiosis did not occur before gamete formation?A heterozygous individual has _______ for a trait being studied. a. the same allele on both homologous chromosomes b. two different alleles of a gene c. a haploid condition, in genetic terms An organisms observable traits constitute its ________. a. phenotype c. genotype b. variation d. pedigree In genetics, F stands for filial, which means ________. a. friendly c. final b. offspring d. hairlike The offspring of the cross AAaa are ________. a. all AA c. all Aa b. all aa d. half are AA and half are aa The second-generation offspring of a cross between individuals who are homozygous for different alleles of a gene are called the _______. a. F1generation c. hybrid generation b. F2generation d. none of the above Refer to question 4. Assuming complete dominance, the F2 generation will show a phenotypic ratio of _______. a.3:1 b.9:1 c. 1:2:1 d. 9:3:3:1 Independent assortment means _______. a. alleles at one locus assort into different gametes b. alleles at different loci tend to assort into gametes independently of each other A testcross is a way to determine _________. a. phenotype b. genotype c. both a and b Assuming complete dominance, crosses between two dihybrid F1 pea plant, which are offspring from a cross AABBaabb, result in F2 phenotype ratios of ________. a. 1:2:1 b. 3:1 c. 1:1:1:1 d. 9:3:3:1 The probability of a crossover occurring between two genes on the same chromosome ________. a. is unrelated to the distance between them b. decrease with the distance between them c. increase with the distance between them True or false? All traits are inherited in a Mendelian pattern.One gene that affects three traits is an example of ________. a. dominance c. pleiotropy b. codominance d. epistasis ________ in a trait is indicated by a bell curve.The phenotype of individuals heterozygous for ________ alleles comprises both homozygous phenotypes. a. epistatic c. pleiotropic b. codominant d. hybrid Match the terms with the best description. ___ dihybrid cross a. bb ___ monohybrid cross b. AaBbAaBb ___ homozygous condition c. Aa ___ heterozygous condition d. AaAa Mendel crossed a true-breeding pea plant with green pods and a true-breeding pea plant with yellow pods. All offspring had green pods. Which color is recessive?Assuming that independent assortment occurs during meiosis, what type(s) of gametes will form in individuals with the following genotypes? a. AABB b. AaBB c. Aabb d. AaBb Determine the predicted genotype frequencies among the off-spring of an AABBaaBB cross.4GP A single allele gives rise to the HbS form of hemoglobin. Individuals who are homozygous for the allele HbS/HbS develop sickle-cell anemia Section 9.5. Heterozygous individuals HbA/ HbS have few Symptoms. A couple who are both heterozygous for the HbS allele plan to have children. For each of the pregnancies, determine the probability that their child will be: a. homozygous for the HbS allele b. homozygous for the normal allele HbA c. heterozygous: HbA/HbS In sweet pea plant, an allele for purple flowers (P) is dominant when paired with a recessive allele for red flowers (p). An allele for long pollen grains (L) is dominant when paired with a recessive allele for round pollen grain (l). Bateson and Punnett crossed a plant having purple flowers/long pollen grains with one having white/flowers/round pollen grains. All F1 offspring had purple flowers and long pollen grains. Among the F2 generation, the researchers observed the following phenotypes: 296 purple flowers/long pollen grains 19 purple flowers/round pollen grains 27 red flowers/long pollen grains 85 red flowers/round pollen grains What is the best explanation for these results?Constructing a family pedigree is particularly useful when studying inheritance patterns in organisms that _______. a. produce many offspring per generation b. produce few offspring per generation c. have a small chromosome number d. reproduce asexually e. have a fast life cycle.2SA 3SA 4SA 5SA A trait that is present in a male child but not in either of his parents is characteristic of _______ inheritance. a. autosomal dominant d. It is not possible to answer this question without more information. b. autosomal recessive c. X-linked recessive Color blindness is a case of ________ inheritance. a. autosomal dominant c. X-linked dominant b. autosomal recessive d. X-linked recessive 8SA Alleles for Tay-Sachs disease are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Why would two parents with a normal phenotype have a child with Tay-Sachs? a. Both parents are homozygous for a Tay-Sachs allele. b. Both parents are heterozygous for a Tay-Sachs allele. c. New mutations gave rise to Tay-Sachs in the child. d. b or c 10SA 11SA 12SA 13SA Klinefelter syndrome XXY can be easily diagnosed by _______ . a. pedigree analysis c. karyotyping b. aneuploidy d. phenotypic treatment Match the chromosome terms appropriately. ___ polyploid a. symptoms of a genetic disorder ___ deletion b. chromosomal mashup ___ aneuploidy c. extra sets of chromosomes ___ translocation d. gets around ___ syndrome e. a chromosome segment lost ___ transposable element f. one extra chromosome ___ X-linked g. allele on the X chromosome Does the phenotype indicated by the red circles and squares in this pedigree show an inheritance pattern that is autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked?Human females have two X chromosomes XX; males have one X and one Y chromosome XY. a. With respect to X-linked alleles, how many different types of gametes can a male produce? b. A female homozygous for an X-linked allele can produce how many types of gametes with respect to that allele? c. A female heterozygous for an X-linked allele can produce how many types of gametes with respect to that allele?Somatic cells of individuals with Down syndrome usually have an extra chromosome 21, so they contain forty-seven chromosomes. A few individuals with Down syndrome have forty-six chromosomes: two normal-appearing chromosomes 21, and alonger-than-normal chromosome 14. Speculate on how this chromosome abnormality arises.An allele responsible for Marfan syndrome Section 13.4 is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. What is the chance that a child will inherit the allele if one parent does not carry it and the other is heterozygous?Both Duchenne muscular dystrophy and color blindness are caused by recessive alleles. DMD, unlike color blindness, nearly always occurs in males. Explain why.________ cuts DNA molecules at specific sites. a. DNA polymerase c. Restriction enzymes b. DNA probes d. DNA ligase A _______ is a molecule that can be used to carry a fragment of DNA into a host organism. a. cloning vector c. GMO b. chromosome d. cDNA Reverse transcriptase assembles an ________ on an _______ template. a. mRNA; DNA c. DNA; ribosome b. cDNA; mRNA d. protein; mRNA For each species, all ______ in the complete set of chromosomes is/are the _______. a. genomes; phenotype c. mRNA; start of cDNA b. DNA; genome d. cDNA; start of mRNA A set of cells that host various DNA fragments collectively representing an organisms entire set of genetic information is called a _______ . a. genome c. genomic library b. clone d. GMO 6SA Electrophoresis separates fragments of DNA according to _______. a. sequence b. length c. species PCR can be used ______. a. as a cloning vector b. in DNA profiling c. to modify a human genome An individuals set of unique _______ can be used as a DNA profile. a. DNA sequence c. short tandem repeats b. SNPs d. all of the above Taq polymerase is used for PCR because it _______ . a. tolerates the high temperature needed to separate DNA strands. b. is an enzyme from a bacterium c. does not requires primers d. is genetically modified Put the following tasks in the order they would occur during a DNA cloning experiment. a. using DNA ligase to seal DNA fragments into vectors b. using a probe to identify a clone in the library c. sequencing the DNA of the clone d. making a DNA library of clones e. cutting genomic DNA with restriction enzymes True or false? Some transgenic organisms can pass their foreign genes to offspring._______ can correct a genetic defect in an individual. a. Cloning vectors c. Sequencing b. Gene therapy d. Electrophoresis True or false? Some humans are genetically modified.Match each term with the most suitable description. ___ DNA profile a. GMO with a foreign gene ___ Ti plasmid b. alleles commonly contain them ___ cDNA synthesis c. a persons unique collection of short tandem repeats ___ SNP d. requires reverse transcriptase ___ transgenic e. cuts DNA ___ restriction enzyme f. used in plant gene transfers Restriction enzymes in bacterial cytoplasm cut injected bacteriophage DNA wherever certain sequences occur. Why do you think these enzymes do not cut the bacterial chromosome, which is exposed to the enzymes in cytoplasm?The results of a paternity test are shown in the table below. Numbers indicate the number of short tandem repeats for loci tested. Whos the daddy? How sure are you?The number of species on an island usually depends on the size of the island and its distance from a mainland. This statement would most likely be made by _______. a. an explorer c. a geologist b. a biogeographer d. a philosopher The bones of a birds wing are similar to the bones in a bats wing. This observation is an example of _______. a. uniformity c. comparative morphology b. evolution d. a lineage Evolution _______ natural selection. a. is the same as c. is the goal of b. can oc d. explains the origin of life by A trait is adaptive if it _______. a. arises by mutation c. is passed to offspring b. increases fitness d. occurs in fossils In which type of rock are you more likely to find a fossil? a. basalt, a dark, fine-grained volcanic rock b. limestone, composed of calcium carbonate sediments c. slate, a volcanic melted and cooled shale d. granite, which forms by crystallization of molten rock below the surface of the Earth True or false? Wrinkly textures in rock that formed from ancient biofilms living in marine sediments are considered trace fossils.If the half-life of a radioisotope is 20,000 years, then a sample in which three-quarters of that radioisotope has decayed is _______ years old. a. 15,000 b. 26,667 c. 30,000 d. 40,000 Did Pangea or Gondwana form first?Forces that cause geological change do not include _______. a. erosion d. tectonic plate movement b. natural selection e. wind c. volcanic activity f. meteorite impacts Through _______, a body part of an ancestor is modified differently in different lines of descent. a. homologous evolution c. adaptive divergence b. morphological convergence d. morphological divergence 11SA A mutation that alters the embryonic expression pattern of an _______ may lead to major differnces in the adult form. a. derived trait c. homologous structure b. homeotic gene d. analogous strcuture The last dinosaurs died _______ million years ago.All of the following data types can be used as evidence of shared ancestry except similarities in _______ . a. amino acid sequence d. embryonic development b. DNA sequence e. form due to convergence c. fossil morphology f. all are appropriate Match the terms with the most suitable description. ____fitness a. does not affect fitness ____fossils b. best fossil content ____natural selection c. survival of the fittest ____homeotic genes d. characteristic of a radioisotope ____half-life e. similar across diverse taxa ____analogous structures f. evidence of life in distant past ____homologous structures g. insect wing and bird wing ____sedimentary rock h. human arm and bird wing ____neutral mutation i. measured by reproductive success 1CT If you think of geologic time spans as minutes, lifes history might be plotted on a clock such as the one shown here. According to this clock, the most recent epoch started in the last 0.1 second before noon. Where does that put you?

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